CCIE路由与交换认证考试指南

Chapter 1 CCIE Certification, Test Preparation, and Using This Book 3

Cisco Certifications 3

Cisco Certification Areas 3

CCIE Certifications 4

CCIE R&S 5

CCIE C&S 5

CCIE Written Exam Objectives 6

CCIE R&S Written Exam Objectives 6

CCIE C&S Written Exam General Knowledge Objectives 10

Test Preparation, Test-Taking Tips, and Using This Book 12

Chapter 2 Networking Concepts Review 15

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 15

Foundation Topics 19

The OSI Reference Model 19

Physical Layer (OS! Layer 1) 20

Data-Link Layer (OSI Layer 2) 20

Network Layer (OSI Layer 3) 21

Transport Layer (OSI Layer 4) 21

Session Layer (OSI Layer 5) 22

Presentation Layer (OSI Layer 6) 22

Application Layer (OSI Layer 7) 23

Example of Layered Communication 23

Numeric Conversion 24

Hexadecimal Numbers 25

Binary Numbers 28

General Routing Concepts 34

Hierarchical Model for Networks 34

Basic Intemetworking Devices 35

Routing Protocol Characteristics 38

References Used 48

Foundation Summary 49

Q&A 52

Scenario 59

Chapter 3 Cisco Equipment Operations 61

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 61

Foundation Topics 64

Infrastructure 64

Central Processing Unit (CPU) 64

Primary Memory 65

Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) 65

Read-Only Memory (ROM) 65

Boot Flash 66

Flash Memory 66

Configuration Register 68

Router Modes 73

ROM Monitor 73

Boot Mode 73

User Exec Mode 73

Privileged Exec Mode 74

Configuration Mode 74

Initial Configuration Dialog 74

Router Operations 77

Password Security 77

TFrP 78

Configuration File Manipulation 78

Password Recovery 80

Accessing Devices 83

Router CLI 84

Debug 87

Switch Commands 89

References Used 92

Foundation Summary 93

Q&A 96

Scenario 101

Chapter 4 Local-Area Networks and LAN Switching 105

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 105

Foundation Topics 110

LAN Media Review 110

MAC Address Format 110

Ethernet 111

Token Ring 122

Wireless LANs 128

Transparent Bridging (TB) 131

Bridges and STP 132

CRB 137

IRB 138

SRB 139

SRB Operation 139

SRT 144

SR/TLB 144

RSRB 146

DLSw+ 149

LAN Switching Topics 153

VLAN Tmnking 153

ISL 154

IEEE 802.1q 155

VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) 157

Fast EtherChannel (FEC) 158

CDP 159

LAN Security 161

ATM LANE 164

ATM LANE Components 164

LANE Join and Circuit Establishment Operation 165

SSRP 165

References Used 166

Foundation Summary 167

Media Specifications 167

Process for a Station to Insert into the Token Ring 169

Transparent Bridge Functions 169

Transparent Bridge Port States 169

STP 170

CRB 170

RIF 171

VLAN Trunking 171

FEC 171

CDP 171

LANE 172

Q & A 173

Scenarios 183

Scenario 4-1 183

Scenario 4-2 186

Chapter 5 Wide-Area Networks 191

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 191

Foundation Topics 196

Physical Layer Access 196

Synchronous Lines 196

SONET and SDH 197

Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT)/Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP) 198

X.25 200

X.25 VCs 200

X.121 Addressing 200

X.25 Framing 201

Protocol Translation 202

Mapping 202

Frame Relay 203

Frame Relay Encapsulation 204

Committed Information Rate (CIR) 204

Local Management Interface (LMI) 205

Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) 205

Frame Relay Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (InARP) 206

Congestion Control 206

Frame Relay Frame Format 207

Frame Relay Traffic Shaping (FRTS) 209

Frame Relay Compression 211

Frame Relay map Command 211

Frame Relay show Commands 212

ISDN 215

ISDN Architecture 215

ISDN Interfaces 216

ISDN Layer-1 Frames 217

ISDN Layer-2 Protocols 217

ISDN Configuration 220

ATM Architecture 222

AAL 223

ATM Cell Format 224

ATM Cell Switching 228

ATM Connections 231

SSCOP 231

ATM Traffic Management 232

PNNI 234

ATM ES Addresses 236

Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI) 238

IISP 239

Classical IP over ATM (CIA) (RFC 2225) 240

IP to VC Mapping 242

Multiprotocol Encapsulation over AAL5 (RFC 2684) 243

ATM Interface Configuration 244

References Used 246

Foundation Summary 247

ISDN Reference Points 249

SONET Interface Speeds 249

Q & A 253

Scenario 261

Chapter 6 Internet Protocols 265

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 265

Foundation Topics 268

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 268

Intemet Protocol 269

IP Addressing 272

IP Address Classes 272

Private Address Space 274

IP Address Subnets 274

Transport Layer 281

TCP 281

UDP 287

TCP/IP Protocols, Services, and Applications 288

ARP 288

BOOTP 290

DHCP 291

Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP) 292

ICMP 294

Telnet 297

FTP 297

TFTP 297

DNS 298

SNMP 298

NAT 299

IPv6 302

IPv6 Address Representation 302

References Used 304

Foundation Summary 305

Q&A 309

Scenario 316

Chapter 7 Static Routing and Distance Vector Routing Protocols 319

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 319

Foundation Topics 323

static Routes 323

Static Route Configuration 323

RIPvl 324

RIPvl Forwarding Information Base 324

RIPvl Message Format 325

RIPvl Timers 326

RIPvl Configuration 327

RIPvl Summary 331

RIPv2 331

RiPV2 Forwarding Information Base 332

RIPv2 Message Format 332

R1Pv2 Timers 334

RIPv2 Configuration 334

RIPv2 Summary 338

IGRP 339

IGRP Timers 339

IGRP Metrics 340

IGRP Configuration 341

IGRP Summary 344

EIGRP 345

EIGRP Components 346

EIGRP Timers 348

EIGRP Metrics 348

EIGRP Packet Types 350

EIGRP Configuration 351

EIGRP Summary 355

References Used 356

Foundation Summary 357

RIPvl Summary 357

RIPv2 Summary 357

IGRP Summary 358

EIGRP Summary 358

Q&A 360

Scenario 367

Chapter 8 IP Link-State Routing Protocols 371

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 371

Foundation Topics 375

OSPF 375

OSPF Concepts and Design 375

OSPF Configuration 385

OSPF Summary 399

IS-IS 400

IS-IS Metrics 400

IS-IS Operation 401

IS-IS Configuration 404

IS-IS Summary 411

References Used 412

Foundation Summary 413

OSPF Summary 414

IS-IS Summary 414

Q&A 416

Scenarios 423

Scenario 8-1 423

Scenario 8-2 424

Chapter 9 Border Gateway Protocol 427

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 427

Foundation Topics 430

BGP Review 430

BGP Neighbors 430

BGP Forms of Peering Relationships 432

Advertising Networks 435

BGP Administrative Distance 437

BGP Filters 437

BGP Synchronization 440

BGP Attributes, Weight, and the BGP Decision Process 441

BGP Path Attributes 441

Weight 446

BGP Decision Process 447

BGP Route Dampening, Peer Groups, Route Reflectors, and Confederations 448

Route Dampening 449

BGP Peer Groups 449

Route Reflectors 450

Confederations 453

BGP show Commands 456

References Used 459

Foundation Summary 460

BGP Summary 460

BGP Decision Algorithm 460

Q&A 462

Scenarios 467

Scenario 9-1 467

Scenario 9-2 468

Scenario 9-3 469

Chapter 10 Administrative Distance, Access Lists, Route Manipulation, and

IP Multicast 473

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 473

Foundation Topics 476

Administrative Distance 476

Administrative Distance Configuration 477

IP Access Lists 477

IP Access List Configuration 478

Route Manipulation 482

Route Maps 482

PBR 485

Distribute Lists 486

Redistribution 486

Route Tagging 490

IP Multicast Protocols 491

Multicast Review 491

IGMP 492

Sparse Versus Dense Multicast Routing Protocols 495

Multicast Source and Shared Trees 495

PIM 496

DVMRP 500

References Used 500

Foundation Summary 501

Q&A 5O3

Scenario 510

Chapter 11 Traffic Management 513

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 513

Foundation Topics 516

Queuing Algorithms 516

FIFO 516

PQ 516

CQ 517

WFQ 519

Other QoS and Traffic Management Mechanisms 520

GTS 520

FRTS 521

RSVP 522

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 524

CAR 527

IEEE 802.1p 529

Load Balancing 529

WRR 530

RED and WRED 530

DSCP 531

Network-Based Application Recognition (NBAR) 531

PoS and IP Precedence 531

Compression 532

References Used 533

Foundation Summary 535

QoS and Traffic Mechanisms Summary 535

Q&A 537

Scenario 542

Chapter 12 Multiservice Networking, IPX Networking, and Security 545

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 545

Foundation Topics 548

Multiservice Networks 548

Packet Voice 548

RTP 551

Codecs 552

H.323 553

SIP 554

Signaling System 7 (SS7) 555

Tools for Better Bandwidth Utilization in VoIP Networks 556

Security 556

AAA 557

Kerberos 559

TACACS 559

RADIUS 560

TACACS+ and RADIUS Compared 561

Firewalls 561

Encryption 566

Desktop Protocols 567

Novell IPX 568

Windows NT 575

References Used 577

Foundation Summary 578

AAA 579

Q&A 580

Scenarios 586

Scenario 12-1 586

Scenario 12-2 587

Appendix Answers to Quiz Questions 591

Chapter 2 Answers to Q & A Section 591

Chapter 2 Answers to Scenario Section 600

Chapter 3 Answers to Q & A Section 601

Chapter 3 Answers to Scenario Section 608

Chapter 4 Answers to Q & A Section 610

Chapter 4 Answers to Scenario Section 623

Chapter 5 Answers to Q & A Section 632

Chapter 5 Answers to Scenario Section 643

Chapter 6 Answers to Q & A Section 645

Chapter 6 Answers to Scenario Section 653

Chapter 7 Answers to Q & A Section 656

Chapter 7 Answers to Scenario Section 664

Chapter 8 Answers to Q & A Section 666

Chapter 8 Answers to Scenario Section 674

Chapter 9 Answers to Q & A Section 677

Chapter 9 Answers to Scenario Section 684

Chapter 10 Answers to Q & A Section 688

Chapter 10 Answers to Scenario Section 697

Chapter 11 Answers to Q & A Section 698

Chapter 11 Answers to Scenario Section 704

Chapter 12 Answers to Q & A Section 705

Chapter 12 Answers to Scenario Section 713

Index 719