多媒体技术：计算、通信及应用（英文本）

Contents

Foreword

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Branch-overiapping Aspects of Multimedia

1.2 Content

1.3 Global Structure

1.4 Multimedia Literature

2 Multimedia: Media and Data Streams

2.1 Medium

2.1.1 The Perception Medium

2.1.2 The Representation Medium

2.1.3 The Presentation Medium

2.1.4 The Storage Medium

2.1.5 The Transmission Medium

2.1.6 The Information Exchange Medium

2.1.7 Representation Values and Representation Spaces

2.1.8 Representation Dimensions

2.2 Main Properties of a Multimedia System

2.2.1 Multimedia System Definition

2.2.2 Combination of Media

2.2.3 Independence

2.2.4 Computer-supported Integration

2.2.5 Communication Systems

2.3 Multimedia

2.4 Traditional Data Streams Characteristics

2.4.1 Asynchronous Transmission Mode

2.4.2 Synchronous Transmission Mode

2.4.3 Isochronous Transmission Mode

2.5 Data Stream Characteristics for Continuous Media

2.5.1 The Time Interval Between a Complete Transmission of Con-

secutive Packets

2.5.2 Variation of Consecutive Packet Amount

2.5.3 Contiguous Packets

2.6 Information Units

3 Sound / Audio

3.1 Basic Sound Concepts

3.1.1 Computer Representation ofSound

3.1.2 Audio Formats

3.2 Music

3.2.1 MIDI Basic Concepts

3.2.2 MIDI Devices

3.2.3 MIDI Messages

3.2.4 MIDI and SMPTE Timing Standards

3.2.5 MIDI Software

3.3 Speech

3.3.1 Speech Generation

3.3.2 Speech Analysis

3.3.3 Speech Transmission

4 Images and Graphics

4.1 Basic Concepts

4.1.1 Digital Image Representation

4.1.2 Image Format

4.1.3 Graphics Format

4.2 Computer Image Processing

4.2.1 Image Synthesis

4.2.2 Image Analysis

4.2.3 Image Transmission

4.3 Comments

5 Video and Animation

5.1 Basic Concepts

5.1.1 Video Signal Representation

5.1.2 Computer Video Format

5.2 Television

5.2.1 Conventional Systems

5.2.2 Enhanced Definition Systems

5.2.3 High-Definition Systems

5.2.4 Transmission

5.3 Computer-based Animation

5.3.1 Basic Concepts

5.3.2 Animation Languages

5.3.3 Methods of Controlling Animation

5.3.4 Display of Animation

5.3.5 Transmission of Animation

5.3.6 Comments

6 Data Compression

6.1 Storage Space

6.2 Coding Requirements

6.3 Source, Entropy and Hybrid Coding

6.4 Some Basic Compression Techniques

6.5 JPEG

6.5.1 Image Preparation

6.5.2 Lossy Sequential DCT-based Mode

6.5.3 Expanded Lossy DCT-based Mode

6.5.4 Lossless Mode

6.5.5 Hierarchical Mode

6.6 H.261 (px64)

6.6.1 Image Preparation

6.6.2 Coding Algorithms

6.6.3 Data Stream

6.7 MPEG

6.7.1 Video Encoding

6.7.2 Audio Encoding

6.7.3 Data Stream

6.7.4 MPEG-2

6.7.5 MPEG-4

6.8 DVI

6.8.1 Audio and Still Image Encoding

6.8.2 Video Encoding

6.8.3 Data Stream

6.9 Comments

7 Optical Storage Media

7.1 History

7.2 Basic Technology

7.3 Video Disks and Other WORMs

7.4 Compact Disk Digital Audio

7.4.1 Preliiminary Technical Background

7.4.2 Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation

7.4.3 Error Handling

7.4.4 Frames, Tracks, Areas and Blocks of a CD-DA

7.4.5 Advantages of Digital CD-DA Technology

7.5 Compact Disk Read Only Memory

7.5.1 Blocks

7.5.2 Modes

7.5.3 Logical Data Format

7.5.4 Limitations of the CD-ROM Technology

7.6 CD-ROM Extended Architecture

7.6.1 Form 1 and Form 2

7.6.2 Compressed Data of Different Media

7.7 Further CD-ROM-based Developments

7.7.1 Compact Disk Interactive

7.7.2 Compact Disk Interactive Ready Format

7.7.3 Compact Disk Bridge Disk

7.7.4 Photo Compact Disk

7.7.5 Digital Video Interactive

7.8 Compact Disk Write Once

7.8.1 Principle of the CD-WO

7.8.2 Sessions

7.9 Compact Disk Magneto Optical

7.9.1 Principle ofthe Magnetic-Optical Method

7.9.2 Areas of the CD-MO

7.10 The Prospects ofCD Technologies

8 Computer Technology

8.1 Communication Architecture

8.1.1 Hybrid Systems

8.1.2 Digital Systems

8.2 Multimedia Workstation

8.3 Comments

9 Multimedia Operating Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Real Time

9.2.1 The Notion of "Real-Time"

9.2.2 Real Time and Multimedia

9.3 Resource Management

9.3.1 Resources

9.3.2 Requirements

9.3.3 Components and Phases

9.3.4 Allocation Scheme

9.3.5 Continuous Media Resource Model

9.4 Process Management

9.4.1 Real Time Process Management in Conventional Operating

Systems: An Example

9.4.2 Real-time Processing Requirements

9.4.3 Traditional Real-time Scheduling

9.4.4 Real-time Scheduling: System Model

9.4.5 Earliest Deadline First Algorithm

9.4.6 Rate Monotonic Algorithm

9.4.7 EDF and Rate Monotonic: Context switches

9.4.8 EDF and Rate Monotonic: Processor Utilizations

9.4.9 Extensions to Rate Monotonic Scheduling

9.4.10 Other Approaches for In-Time Scheduling

9.4.11 Preemptive versus Non-preemptive Task Scheduling

9.4.12 Scheduling of Continuous Media Tasks: Prototype Operating

Systems

9.5 File Systems

9.5.1 Traditional File Systems

9.5.2 Multimedia File Systems

9.6 Additional Operating System Issues

9.6.1 Interprocess Communication and Synchronization

9.6.2 Memory Management

9.6.3 Device Management

9.7 System Architecture

9.7.1 UNIX-based Systems

9.7.2 QuickTime

9.7.3 Windows Multimedia Extensions

9.7.4 OS/2 Multimedia Presentation Manager/2

9.8 Concluding Remarks

10 Networking Systems

10.1 Layers, Protocols and Services

10.2 Networks

10.3 Local Area Networks (LANs)

10.3.1 High-speed Etheraet

10.3.2 Token Ring

10.3.3 FDDI

10.3.4 Local ATM Networks

10.4 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

10.4.1 Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)

10.4.2 Orwell

10.4.3 MAN Connectivity to ATM Networks

10.5 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

10.5.1 Traditional WAN's

10.5.2 B-ISDN: ATM

10.6 Conclusion

11 Multimedia Communication Systems

11.1 Application Subsystem

11.1.1 Collaborative Computing

11.1.2 Session Management

11.2 Transport Subsystem

11.2.1 Rcquirements

11.2.2 Transport Layer

11.2.3 Network Layer

11.3 Quality ofService and Resource Management

11.3.1 Basic Concepts

11.3.2 Establishment and Closing ofthe Multimedia Call

11.3.3 Managing Resources during Multimedia Transmission

11.3.4 Architectural Issues

11.4 Comments

11.4.1 Trends in Collaborative Computing

11.4.2 Trends in Transport Systems

12 Database Systems

12.1 Multimedia Database Management System

12.2 Characteristics ofan MDBMS

12.3 DataAnalysis

12.4 Data Structure

12.4.1 Raw Data

12.4.2 Registering Data

12.4.3 Descriptive Data

12.4.4 Examples of Multimedia Structures

12.4.5 Comments on Data Analysis

12.5 Operations on Data

12.6 Integration in a Database Model

12.6.1 Relational Database Model

12.6.2 Object-oriented Database Model

12.7 Comments

13 Documents, Hypertext and MHEG

13.1 Documents

13.1.1 Document Architecture

13.1.2 Manipulation of Multimedia Data

13.2 Hypertext and Hypennedia

13.2.1 Hypertext, Hypermedia and Multimedia

13.2.2 Hypermedia Systems: An Example

13.2.3 History

13.2.4 Systems: Architecture, Nodes and Pointers

13.2.5 Some Final Comments about Hypertext Systems

13.3 Document Architecture SGML

13.3.1 Some Details

13.3.2 SGML and Multimedia

18 Future Directions

18.1 Where Are We Today?

18.1.1 User Interface

18.1.2 Operating Systems

18.1.3 Multimedia Documents

18.1.4 Synchronization

18.1.5 Programming

18.2 What Are the Next Steps?

18.2.1 Devices

18.2.2 Visualization

18.2.3 Mobility

18.2.4 Interactivity

18.2.5 Operating Systems

18.2.6 Further Issues in Virtual Environments

18.2.7 Multimedia User Interface

18.2.8 Hypennedia

18.2.9 Multimedia Applications

18.3 What Are the Multimedia Research Issues?

A Abbreviations

Bibliography

Index