世界传统医学历史、现状与未来（英文版）

1

History, Present and Prospect of Ayurveda - 001

1.1 History of Ayurveda - 003

1.1.1 Vedic Period - 003

1.1.2 Upanishadic Literature - 008

1.1.3 Purana Literature - 009

1.1.4 Buddhist Literature - 009

1.1.5 Samhita Period - 010

1.1.6 Medieval Period and Colonial Rule - 014

1.2 Basic Concepts in Ayurveda - 015

1.2.1 Panchamahabhutas (Five Elements) - 016

1.2.2 Doshas (Biologicial Energies) - 016

1.2.3 Prakriti (Constitution) - 019

1.2.4 Dhatus (Tissues) - 020

1.2.5 Ojas (Essence of Dhatu) - 022

1.2.6 Malas (Waste Products) - 023

1.2.7 Agni (Transinformatory Energy) - 023

1.2.8 Ama (Undigested Metabolities) - 024

1.2.9 Srotas (Circulatory Channels) - 024

1.2.10 Manas (Mind) - 025

1.2.11 Ayurvedic Treatment Approaches - 026

1.2.12 Traya Upastamaba (Three Supportive Pillars) - 027

1.2.13 Swasthavrtta (Healthy Lifestyle Practice) - 029

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1.3 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030

1.3.1 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030

1.3.2 Present Status of Ayurveda Outside India - 042

1.4 Ayurveda in Future - 045

References - 046

2

History, Present and Prospect of Chiropractic - 048

2.1 The History of Chiropractic (1880s through 1990s) - 049

2.1.1 Antecedents to Chiropractic - 049

2.1.2 Origins of Chiropractic - 051

2.1.3 Clinical Elements of Practice - 052

2.1.4 Training - 052

2.1.5 Licensure - 052

2.1.6 Scope and Practice - 053

2.1.7 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 053

2.2 The Chiropractic Profession Today

(2000 to the Present) - 055

2.2.1 Training - 056

2.2.2 Licensure - 058

2.2.3 Scope and Practice - 059

2.2.4 Spinal Adjustments as the Common Thread - 059

2.2.5 Specialties - 060

2.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging - 060

2.2.7 Athletic and Sports-Related Care - 060

2.2.8 Economic Considerations - 061

2.2.9 Reimbursement - 062

2.2.10 Emerging Models of Practice - 064

2.2.11 Public Perception - 066

2.2.12 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 067

2.2.13 The World View - 067

2.3 Potential Futures for the Chiropractic Profession - 067

2.3.1 Introduction - 067

2.3.2 Healthcare Landscape and Trends - 069

2.3.3 The Internet of Things (IOT) - 071

2.3.4 Training, Licensing, Scope of Practice and Regulations - 073

2.3.5 Market for Chiropractic Services and the Practice of

Chiropractic - 077

2.3.6 Integration - 078

2.3.7 Competition from Other Provider Types - 078

2.3.8 Chiropractic Research - 079

2.3.9 Public Perception of the Chiropractic Profession - 080

References - 081

History and Present of European Traditional Herbal

Medicine (Phytotherapie) - 085

3

3.1 Main Concepts - 086

3.1.1 Phytotherapy and Mainstream Medicine - 087

3.1.2 Effect and Efficacy - 087

3.1.3 Finding and Feeling - 087

3.2 The History of European Traditional Herbal Medicine

(European Phytotherapy) - 089

3.3 Traditional European Herbal Medicine in the Health

System - 098

3.3.1 Phytotherapeutic Products in Germany and Europe in the

Last 100 Years - 098

3.3.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to this Traditional Medicine - 102

3.3.3 Clinical Management - 109

3.3.4 Standardization - 110

3.3.5 Education and Training - 113

3.3.6 Organizations in the Field of European Phytopharmaceuticals - 118

3.3.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality

and Safety - 118

3.3.8 Products and Trading - 128

3.3.9 Dosage Forms of Herbal Medicinal Products - 131

3.3.10 Overseas Communication - 133

3.3.11 Current Challenges: Synergism the New Concept? - 134

3.3.12 Cultivation and Origin of Medicinal Drugs - 135

Appendix

Short Overview of Typical Phytochemical Applications - 139

References - 157

History, Present and Prospect of Greco-Arab and

Islamic Herbal Medicine - 158

4

4.1 A Brief History of Arab Medicine - 160

4.1.1 Early Arab and Islamic Medicine - 160

4.1.2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine - 162

4.1.3 Prominent Arab and Muslim Physicians - 163

4.1.4 Rhazes (Al-Razi, 864–930 AD) - 164

4.1.5 Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037 AD) - 165

4.1.6 Alhacen (Ibn al-Haitham, 965–1040 AD) - 167

4.1.7 Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288 AD) - 167

4.1.8 Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi, 936–1013 AD) - 168

4.1.9 Alkindus (Al-Kindi, 800–873 AD) - 169

4.1.10 Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr 1091–1162 AD) - 169

4.1.11 The Role of Arabs and Muslims in the Development of

Pharmacology - 169

4.1.12 Poisons and their Antidotes in Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal

Medicine - 171

4.1.13 Hospitals in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 171

4.1.14 Current Status of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 173

4.2 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean - 177

4.3 Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes,

Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases - 181

4.3.1 Olea Europaea (Olive Tree) - 182

4.3.2 Punica Granatum (The Pomegranate) - 187

4.3.3 Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) - 190

4.3.4 Curcuma Longa Rhizomes (Turmeric) - 192

4.3.5 Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) - 194

4.4 Prospect of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 195

References - 199

5

History, Present and Prospect of Homeopathy - 203

5.1 History and Philosophy of Homeopathy - 204

5.1.1 Definition of Homeopathy - 204

5.1.2 Origin of Homeopathy - 204

5.1.3 Basic Principles - 206

5.1.4 Specific Concept of Health and Disease - 210

5.2 Current Status of Homeopathy - 214

5.2.1 Overview of National Health Service System and Integration

of Homeopathy into National Health System - 214

5.2.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to Homeopathic Practice - 217

5.2.3 Regulation of Homeopathic Medicinal Products (HMP) - 221

5.2.4 Clinical Management - 234

5.2.5 Standardization - 239

5.2.6 Education and Training - 241

5.2.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality, and

Safety (If Available) - 244

5.2.8 Homeopathic Medicines - 252

5.2.9 Trading - 252

5.2.10 Overseas Communication - 253

5.3 Prospect of Homeopathy - 253

5.3.1 The Need for Water Research - 253

5.3.2 The Need for Good Research Strategy - 254

5.3.3 The Need for Targeted Research into Specific Medical

Conditions - 254

5.3.4 The Need for International Awareness of National Policies

Which are T&CM-Unfriendly - 255

5.3.5 The Possibility of Supra-National Collaboration - 257

References - 257

6

History, Present and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 260

6.1 History of Kampo Medicine - 261

6.1.1 Ancient Era - 261

6.1.2 Medieval Age - 262

6.1.3 Meiji Restoration - 269

6.1.4 After the World War II - 273

6.2 Current Status of Kampo Medicine - 280

6.2.1 National Healthcare System and Integration of Traditional

Medicine into National Healthcare - 280

6.2.2 Insurance Coverage of Kampo Medicine/Acupuncture &

Moxibustion - 280

6.2.3 Licensure System, Training and Education - 281

6.2.4 Trade and Product - 282

6.2.5 Academic Societies and Research Centers for Kampo

Medicine - 283

6.2.6 Overseas Communication: Academic Symposium and

Conference - 286

6.2.7 Japan’s Contribution to International Standardization of

Traditional Medicine - 288

6.3 Challenges and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 290

References - 291

7

History, Present and Prospect of Korean Medicine - 293

7.1 History of Korean Medicine - 296

7.1.1 Ancient Times to Unified Silla Era - 296

7.1.2 Goryeo Dynasty - 296

7.1.3 Early and Mid-Joseon Dynasty Period - 297

7.1.4 Late Joseon Dynasty to Japanese Colonial Period - 299

7.1.5 1945 to Present - 300

7.2 Components of Korean Medicine - 302

7.2.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 302

7.2.2 Moxibustion - 305

7.2.3 Cupping - 305

7.2.4 Herbal Medicine Therapy - 306

7.2.5 Herbal Acupuncture Therapy (Pharmacopuncture) - 306

7.2.6 Chuna Manual Therapy - 307

7.2.7 Sasang Constitutional Medicine - 307

7.3 Legal Status and Administration of Korean Medicine - 310

7.3.1 Overview of Health Care System in Korea - 310

7.3.2 Legal Status and Administrational Body for Korean Medicine - 312

7.3.3 National Development Plans for Korean Medicine - 313

7.3.4 Policies on Korean Medicine Services - 314

7.3.5 Policies and Regulations on Herbal Medicines - 321

7.4 Resources and Utilization of Korean Medicine - 324

7.4.1 Human Resources - 324

7.4.2 Hospitals, Clinics, and Pharmacies, etc. - 325

7.4.3 Usage of the Korean Medicine Services - 327

7.5 Education in Korean Medicine - 329

7.5.1 Overview - 329

7.5.2 Education System for Korean Medicine Doctor - 331

7.5.3 Education System for Herbal Pharmacist - 333

7.5.4 Clinical Specialist Education - 333

7.5.5 Continuing Medical Education in Korean Medicine - 334

7.5.6 Accreditation and Evaluation of Education for Korean

Medicine Institutions - 334

7.6 Korean Medicine in Health Security System - 336

7.6.1 National Health Insurance and Korean Medicine - 336

7.6.2 Other Medical Guarantees and Korean Medicine - 339

7.6.3 Patient Classification System in Korean Medicine - 340

7.7 Industry and R&D of Korean Medicine - 341

7.7.1 Overview - 341

7.7.2 Korean Medicine Industry - 342

7.7.3 Research & Development of Korean Medicine - 344

7.8 Future Directions for Korean Medicine - 348

7.8.1 Improving Reliability of Korean Medicine through Scientific

Evidence Accumulation - 348

7.8.2 Innovating Korean Medicine Education - 349

7.8.3 Expanding Health Insurance Coverage for Korean Medicine - 349

7.8.4 Enhancing the Korean Medicine-Western Medicine Co-practice - 350

7.8.5 Promoting Korean Medicine Industry and R&D - 350

References - 351

Appendix

Act on the Promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

(Act No. 15910) - 352

History, Present and Prospect of Traditional Chinese

Medicine - 356

8

8.1 The Sprouting, Formation and Development - 357

8.1.1 The Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine - 357

8.1.2 TCM in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BCE–220 CE) - 360

8.1.3 TCM in the Wei, Jin, Southern & Northern, Sui, Tang and Five

Dynasties (220–960) - 362

8.1.4 The Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960–1368) - 364

8.1.5 TCM in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912) - 369

8.1.6 TCM in Modern Times - 373

8.2 The Fundamentals and Concepts of TCM - 379

8.2.1 Yin-Yang Theory - 380

8.2.2 The Five-Element Theory - 381

8.2.3 The Zang-Fu Theory - 381

8.2.4 Qi, Blood and Body Fluids - 383

8.2.5 Meridians - 386

8.2.6 Characteristics and Practice of TCM Clinical Thinking - 387

8.3 TCM Healthcare Skills and Practices - 388

8.3.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 388

8.3.2 Tuina - 391

8.3.3 Qigong and Daoyin - 392

8.3.4 Cupping Therapy - 394

8.3.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine - 395

8.3.6 Health Preservation - 398

8.4 Current Status of TCM - 401

8.4.1 Policies and Measures on TCM Development - 401

8.4.2 Regulations on TCM Service - 402

8.4.3 TCM Service - 404

8.4.4 Education and Training for TCM Professionals - 406

8.4.5 TCM Research and Innovation - 407

8.4.6 TCM Pharmaceutical Industry - 409

8.4.7 TCM Standardization and Cultural Development - 410

8.4.8 International Exchange and Cooperation in TCM - 411

8.5 Future Directions for TCM - 412

8.5.1 Improving TCM Service System - 412

8.5.2 Giving Play to the Unique Role of TCM in Maintaining and

Promoting People’s Health - 412

8.5.3 Promoting TCM Quality Enhancement and High-Quality TCM

Industry Development - 413

8.5.4 Strengthening the Building of TCM Professionals - 413

8.5.5 Facilitating the TCM Inheritance, Openness and Innovative

Development - 413

8.5.6 Reforming and Improving the TCM Management System and

Mechanism - 413

Reference - 413

Appendix I

Traditional Chinese Medicine in China - 415

Appendix II

Law of the People’s Republic of China on Traditional Chinese

Medicine - 421

Appendix III

Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment COVID-19 Diagnosis and

Treatment Protocol (the 9th Edition) - 427

Appendix IV

WHO Expert Meeting on Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine

in the Treatment of COVID-19 - 431

History, Present and Prospect of Thai Traditional

Medicine - 439

9

9.1 The Principles of Thai Traditional Medicine - 440

9.1.1 The Four Elements (Dhatu) of the Body and the Causes of

Illnesses - 440

9.1.2 Examination and Diagnostic Procedures of TTM - 441

9.1.3 Treatment Modalities in TTM - 441

9.2 History of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444

9.2.1 History of the Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444

9.2.2 The Revival of Thai Traditional Medicine - 445

9.2.3 Milestone of Major Events, Changes and Achievements in

TTM after the Establishment of DTAM - 449

9.3 Current Situations and Status of Thai Traditional Medicine

(2020–2021) - 453

9.3.1 Current Situation of the 4P of TTM - 454

9.3.2 The Current Situation of Ongoing Agenda-Driven Projects

on TTM Based on the Government Policies and the National

Strategy (2020–2021) - 464

9.4 Future Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 471

9.4.1 TTM Practice and Provision of TTM Service - 471

9.4.2 TTM Practitioners and TTM Educational System - 471

9.4.3 TTM Products and Herbal Products for Economy - 471

9.4.4 Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicine

Knowledge - 472

9.4.5 Medical Cannabis Service - 472

References - 472