Cisco网络设备互连：英文版

Part I

Getting Started with Cisco Networks2

Chapter 1

Internetworking Concepts Overview4

Defining Network Components 5

Mapping Business Needs to a Hierarchical Model 7

Access Layer 8

Distribution Layer 9

Core Layer 9

OSI Reference Model Overview 10

Upper Layers 10

Lower Layers 11

Communicating Between OSI Reference Model Layers 12

Physical Layer Functions 14

Physical Media and Connectors 15

Collision/Broadcast Domains 16

Data Link Layer Functions 18

MAC Sublayer Frames 19

LLC Sublayer Frames 20

Data Link Layer Devices 21

Network Layer Functions 24

Network Layer Addresses 24

Router Operation at the Network Layer 26

Transport Layer Functions 28

OSI Lower Layer Review 30

Selecting Cisco Products 32

Cisco Hub Products 34

Catalyst Switch Products 35

Cisco Router Products 36

Summary 38

Review Questions 38

Chapter 2

Assembling and Cabling Cisco Devices40

Cabling the LAN 41

LAN Physical Layer Implementations 43

Positioning Ethernet in the Campus 44

Comparing Ethernet Media Requirements 45

Differentiating Between Connections 46

UTP Implementation 47

Cabling the Campus 52

Cabling the WAN 53

WAN Physical Layer Implementations 55

Differentiating Between WAN Serial Connections 55

Cabling Routers for Serial Connections 57

Cabling Routers for ISDN BRI Connections 62

Setting Up Console Connections to Cisco Devices 64

Summary 65

Review Questions 65

Chapter 3

Operating and Configuring a Cisco IOS Device66

Basic Operation of Cisco IOS Software 67

Operations upon Router/Switch Startup 68

Router/Switch Configuration Locations 68

IOS Command Modes 69

What Happens When You Start a Switch 70

Catalyst Switch Status LEDs 71

Logging On to a 1900 Switch After Startup 74

Keyboard Help in Switch Command-Line Interface 75

Context-Sensitive Help for Switches 76

Console Error Messages for Switches 77

Command History Buffer for Switches 77

Commands to Get Basic Switch Information 78

show version

Command 78

show running-configuration

Command 79

show interfaces

Command 80

show ip

Command 82

Configuring the Switch from the Command Line 82

What Happens When You Start a Router 83

Initial Router Configuration 84

Modifying Router Configuration 89

Keyboard Help in Router Command-Line Interface 91

Context-Sensitive Help for Routers 92

Console Error Messages for Routers 92

Command History Buffer for Routers 93

Using CLI Help Features Example 94

Enhanced Editing Mode: Editing Key Functions 96

Commands to Get Basic Router Information 98

show version

Command 98

show running-configurationandshow startup-configurationCommands 98

Configuring a Router from the Command Line 99

Additional Useful Console Commands 104

Configuring Router Interfaces 104

Summary 110

Review Questions 110

Chapter 4

Managing Your Network Environment112

Getting Information About Neighboring Devices 113

Displaying General Information About Neighboring Devices 115

Displaying CDP Information About a Device 115

Displaying CDP Information About Neighboring Devices 116

Displaying Detailed CDP Information About Neighboring Devices 118

Displaying Information About Device Traffic 119

Displaying Configuration Information and Interface Status for a Device 120

Getting Information About Remote Devices 120

Establishing a Telnet Session to a Remote Device 120

Verifying and Displaying Active Telnet Sessions 121

Suspending, Re-Establishing, and Ending Active Telnet Sessions 122

Documenting the Network with the ping and traceroute Commands 123

Router Booting Sequence and Verification Commands 124

Router Booting Sequence 124

Router Components 125

ROM Microcode 126

Loading/Running the Router Configuration 131

Managing Router Configurations with copy Commands 132

IOS File System 135

Moving/Managing Router Configuration Files 136

Managing IOS Images 137

Backing Up Your IOS Image File 138

Loading a New IOS Image File from the Network Server 139

Summary 140

Review Questions 140

Part II

Interconnecting Catalyst Switches

142

Chapter 5

Catalyst 1900 Switch Operations

144

Basic Layer 2 Switching (Bridging) Technologies 145

The Address Learning Function 146

Forward/Filter Decision 148

Loop Avoidance 150

How Spanning Tree Works 155

How Devices Stay Informed About the Topology 161

Catalyst Switch Technology 162

How Frames Are Transmitted 162

How the Switch Talks to Other Devices 163

Configuring the Catalyst 1900 Switch 165

Default Configuration Settings for the Catalyst 1900 Switch 165

Default Port Configurations for the Catalyst 1900 Switch 166

Configuration Modes for the Catalyst 1900 Switch 167

Configuring the IP Address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway on the Catalyst

1900 Switch 167

Configuring the Duplex Mode for a Catalyst 1900 Switch Interface 168

MAC Addresses and Catalyst 1900 Switch Port Interfaces 170

Displaying Switch IOS Information 174

Managing Switch Configuration Files 175

Catalyst 1900 Switch Command Summary 176

Summary 177

Review Questions 177

Chapter 6

Extending Switched Networks with Virtual LANs

178

VLAN Concepts 182

How VLANs Operate 183

VLAN Membership Modes 184

Inter-Switch Links 185

ISL Tagging 186

ISL Encapsulation 187

VLAN Trunking Protocol 188

VTP Modes 189

How VTP Works 191

VTP Pruning 192

VLAN Configuration 193

VLAN Configuration Guidelines 194

VLAN Configuration Steps 194

VTP Configuration Guidelines 195

Configuring VTP 195

Adding a VLAN 197

Verifying a VLAN/Modifying VLAN Parameters 197

Assigning Ports to a VLAN 198

Displaying Spanning-Tree Protocol Configuration Status 199

VLAN Command Summary 200

Summary 200

Review Questions 201

Part III

Interconnecting Cisco Routers

202

Chapter 7

Interconnecting Networks with TCP/IP

204

TCP/IP Application Layer Overview 206

TCP/IP Transport Layer Overview 206

TCP/UDP Header Format 207

How TCP and UDP Use Port Numbers 209

Establishing a TCP Connection: The Three-Way Handshake 211

Flow Control for TCP/UDP 213

TCP/IP Internet Layer Overview 215

IP 215

Internet Control Message Protocol 217

Address Resolution Protocol 218

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 219

TCP/IP Address Overview 220

IP Address Classes 222

Host Addresses 224

Subnet Addresses 226

Subnet Masks 227

Broadcasts 231

Identifying IP Addresses 233

Subnet Planning 235

Configuring IP Addresses 237

Assigning Switch Logical Network Addresses and Default Gateways 237

Assigning Router Interface Logical Network Addresses 237

Specifying the Subnet Mask Format 238

Assigning Host Names to IP Addresses 238

Defining Name Servers 239

Displaying Host Names and Addresses 240

Inter-VLAN Routing 241

TCP/IP Command Summary 245

Summary 245

Review Questions 245

Chapter 8

Determining IP Routes

248

Routing Overview 249

Enabling Static Routes 251

Learning Routes Dynamically Using Routing Protocols 254

Interior Gateway Protocols Versus Exterior Gateway Protocols 256

Administrative Distance 256

Overview of Routing Protocol Classes 259

Distance Vector Routing Protocols 260

Link-State and Hybrid Routing Protocols 274

Configuring Dynamic Routing Protocols 276

Enabling RIP 277

Verifying RIP Routing Information 279

Displaying IP Routing Table Information in RIP Networks 280

Displaying RIP Routing Updates 282

Enabling IGRP 282

IGRP Metrics 283

IGRP Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 284

IGRP Routing Process 285

IGRP Load Balancing/Sharing 286

Verifying IGRP Routing Information 287

Displaying IP Routing Table Information in IGRP Networks 288

Displaying IGRP Routing Transaction Information 288

Displaying IGRP Routing Information Summaries 289

IGRP Routing Update Example 290

Assigning a Default Route to an Unknown Subnet of a Directly Attached

Network 293

Routing Command Summary 294

Summary 294

Review Questions 294

Chapter 9

Basic IP Traffic Management with Access Lists

296

Understanding Access Lists 297

Access List Functions and Operations 300

Access List Operations 300

Access List Condition Testing 302

Guidelines for Access List Implementation 303

Access List Command Basics 304

TCP/IP Access Lists 306

Standard IP Access List Configuration 310

Example 1: Access List Blocking Traffic from an External Network 311

Example 2: Access List Blocking Traffic from a Single Host 313

Example 3: Access List Blocking Traffic from a Single Subne 313

Controlling vty Access with Access Class Entries 314

Extended IP Access Lists 317

Configuring an Extended Access List 318

Example 1: Extended Access List Blocking FTP Traffic from a Specified

Subnet 319

Example 2: Extended Access List Blocking Telnet Traffic from a Specified

Subnet 320

Named IP Access Lists 321

Guidelines for Standard, Extended, and Named Access List Implementation 322

Verifying and Monitoring Access Lists 324

Access List Command Summary 325

Summary 326

Review Questions 326

Chapter 10

Configuring Novell IPX

328

IPX Fundamentals 329

Novell NetWare IPX Protocol Stack 330

Novell IPX Addressing 332

Novell IPX Network Numbers 333

Novell IPX Packet Encapsulation 334

NetWare Protocols 337

Configuring IPX Routing 339

Global Tasks for IPX Routing Configuration 340

Interface Tasks for IPX Routing Configuration 341

IPX Routing Configuration Example 343

Verifying and Monitoring IPX Routing 345

Displaying IPX Interface Status and Parameters 345

Displaying IPX Routing Table Contents 346

Displaying IPX Server Information 347

Displaying IPX Traffic Volume and Type Information 348

Displaying Information About RIP Update Packets 348

Displaying Information About SAP Update Packets 349

Checking IPX Host Reachability 350

IPX Access Lists 350

Standard IPX Access Lists 353

Extended IPX Access Lists 355

IPX Access Lists to Filter SAP Traffic 356

Verifying/Displaying IPX Access Lists 360

IPX Command Summary 361

Summary 362

Review Questions 362

Part IV

Extendingthe Network to WANs

364

Chapter 11

Establishing Serial Point-to-Point Connections

365

WAN Overview 367

WAN Connectivity Options 368

WAN Terminology 369

WAN Serial Line Standards 370

WAN Layer 2 Encapsulation 372

Configuring HDLC Encapsulation 374

PPP Encapsulation Overview 375

PPP Components: NCP and LCP 376

Establishing a PPP Connection 378

Configuring PPP Encapsulation and PAP and CHAP Authentication 379

PAP Authentication 379

CHAP Authentication 380

Enabling PPP Encapsulation and PAP or CHAP Authentication 380

Sample PAP/CHAP Configurations 382

Verifying PPP Encapsulation Configuration 383

Serial Point-to-Point Connection Command Summary 384

Summary 385

Review Questions 385

Chapter 12

Completing an ISDN BRI Call

386

ISDN BRI Overview 387

ISDN Components 390

BRI Call Processing 391

ISDN CPE Equipment and Reference Points 392

ISDN Switch Types and SPIDs 395

Enabling ISDN BRI 395

Dial-on-Demand Routing Overview 397

Configuring Standard DDR 400

Step 1: Defining Static Routes 400

Step 2: Specifying Interesting Traffic 401

Step 3: Configuring the Dialer Information 402

Example: Configuring a Router for DDR Over an ISDN BRI Line 403

Verifying DDR Over ISDN Configuration and Operation 405

Troubleshooting DDR Operation 406

ISDN BRI Command Summary 406

Summary 407

Review Questions 407

Chapter 13

Establishing a Frame Relay PVC Connection

410

Frame Relay Overview 411

Frame Relay Components and Terminology 412

Address Mapping and LMI Signaling for Frame Relay Connections 414

Configuring Frame Relay 418

Configuring Static Mapping for a Router 420

Displaying Frame Relay Connection Status and Information 421

Displaying LMI Traffic Statistics 422

Displaying Frame Relay Connection and Traffic Statistics 422

Displaying Frame Relay Connection Map Entry Information 423

Clearing Dynamically Created Frame Relay Maps 423

Verifying and Troubleshooting Frame Relay Connections 424

Configuring Frame Relay Subinterfaces 425

Frame Relay Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Reachability Problems 426

Resolving Frame Relay NBMA Reachability Problems with Subinterface

Configuration 427

Point-to-Point Subinterface Configuration Example 429

Multipoint Subinterface Configuration Example 430

Frame Relay Command Summary 431

Summary 432

Review Questions 432

Part V

Appendixes

434

Appendix A

Configuring AppleTalk

436

AppleTalk Overview 437

AppleTalk Addressing 438

AppleTalk Zones and Services 441

Configuring AppleTalk Routing 443

Enabling AppleTalk and Selecting a Routing Update Protocol 444

Assigning a Range of Network Numbers to Each Interface 445

Assigning Each Interface to a Zone 445

AppleTalk Configuration Example 445

AppleTalk Discovery Mode 447

Displaying AppleTalk Interface Information 451

Displaying AppleTalk Routing Table Contents 451

Displaying AppleTalk Zone Information Table Contents 452

Displaying Global AppleTalk Configuration Parameters for a Router 452

Displaying RTMP Routine Output 453

Summary 453

AppleTalk Command Summary 454

Review Questions 454

Appendix B

Establishing a HyperTerminal Session

456

Creating a HyperTerminal Session 458

Appendix C

Cisco 700 Series Routers

462

Cisco 700 Series Overview and Configuration 463

Cisco 700 Series Router Profiles 464

Cisco IOS-700 Commands 465

Cisco 700 Series Router Configuration Example 469

Appendix D

Password Recovery

472

The Virtual Configuration Register 473

Changing the Virtual Configuration Register Settings 473

Enabling Booting from Flash Memory 479

The Password Recovery Process 479

Password Recovery Procedure 1 480

Password Recovery Procedure 2 482

Appendix E

Answers to Review Questions

486

Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 487

Answers to Chapter 2 Review Questions 488

Answers to Chapter 3 Review Questions 489

Answers to Chapter 4 Review Questions 490

Answers to Chapter 5 Review Questions 491

Answers to Chapter 6 Review Questions 492

Answers to Chapter 7 Review Questions 493

Answers to Chapter 8 Review Questions 495

Answers to Chapter 9 Review Questions 496

Answers to Chapter 10 Review Questions 498

Answers to Chapter 11 Review Questions 499

Answers to Chapter 12 Review Questions 500

Answers to Chapter 13 Review Questions 501

Answers to Appendix A Review Questions 501