千兆以太网（英文影印版）

Introduction

Foreword

PART Ⅰ Introduction

1 Ethernet Development:The Need for Speed

1.1 Ethernet Fundamentals

1.1.1 The Original Eghernet Goals

1.1.2 The Ethernet Non-Goals

1.1.3 CSMA/CD Operational Principles

1.1.4 The Elements of an Ethernet Network

1.2 The Development of Ethernet

1.2.1 First Generation Ethernet:10 Mbps Over Coaxial Cable

1.2.2 100BASE-T Ethernet:10 Mbps Over Voice-Grade Twisted-Pair Telephone Cable

1.2.3 100BASE-X Fast Ethernet:100 Mbps Over Copper and Optical Fiber Cables

1.2.4 Ethernet Switches:A Fast Ethernet Alternative

1.2.5 Gigabit Ethernet:1,000 Mbps Over Copper and Optical Fiber

1.3 The Evolution and Current State of Ethernet

1.3.1 Transmission Rate

1.3.2 Switches

1.3.3 The Star Topology and Its Effect on Network Installation

1.3.4 New Functional Capabilities

1.3.5 Perspective on the Original Ethernet Goals

1.3.6 Perspective on the Original Ethernet Non-Goals

1.4 A Cautionary Conclusion

2 The OSI and Gigabit Ethernet Standard Reference Models

2.1 The ISO/OSI Reference Model

2.1.1 Types of Network Services

2.1.2 Network Service Primitives

2.1.3 Network Communication Under the OSI Model

2.2 The Gigabit Ehternet Reference Model

2.2.1 Logical Link Control(LLC)Sublayer

2.2.2 The Media Access Control Sublayer Group

2.2.3 LLC/MAC Service Primitives

2.2.4 Service Primitive Definition

2.2.5 The Physical Sublayer Group

2.3 Summary

2.3.1 The OSI Model Revisited

2.3.2 Service Primitives Revisited

PART Ⅱ Network Access and Control

3 Media Access Control

3.1 MAC Overview

3.2 MAC Frame Formats

3.2.1 The Basic MAC Frame format

3.2.2 The MAC Control Frame Format

3.2.3 The VLAN-Tagged MAC Frame Format

3.3 Frame Transmission

3.3.1 Frame Assembly

3.3.2 Half-Duplex Transmission

3.3.3 Full-Duplex Transmission(in Switched-Based Networks)

3.3.4 Transmission of MAC Control Frames

3.3.5 Transmission of VLAN-Tagged Frames

3.4 Frame Reception

3.4.1 Address Recognition

3.4.2 Framing

3.4.3 FCS Validation

3.4.4 Frame Type Determination

3.4.5 Frame Disassembly and Forwarding

3.4.6 Collision Filtering

3.4.7 Invalid MAC frames

3.4.8 Error Recovery

3.5 Idle Mode

3.6 Summary

3.6.1 Speed-Related Differences

3.6.2 Operational Mode Differences

3.6.3 Frame Format-Related Differences

4 Gigabit Repeaters,Bridges,Routers,and Switches

4.1 Repeaters

4.1.1 Half-Duplex Repeaters

4.1.2 Full-Duplex Buffered Repeaters

4.1.3 Managed Repeaters

4.2 Bridges

4.2.1 MAC Relay Frame Transfer

4.2.2 Bridge Protocol Entity Frame Transfer

4.2.3 Network Configuration and Reconfiguration

4.2.4 Bridge Buffer Control and Transit Delay

4.3 Routers

4.3.1 Routing Protocols

4.4 Switches

4.4.1 Switch Architectures

4.4.2 Flow Control and Port Buffer Structure

4.4.3 Port Speed Handling

4.5 VLAN Tagging and Priority-Based Frame Transfer

4.6 Summary

PART Ⅲ Transmission Fundamentals

5 Fundamentals of Baseband Transmission

5.1 Simplex,Half-Duplex,and Full-Duplex Transmission

5.2 Transmitter Characteristics and Functions

5.2.1 Encoder

5.2.2 Multiplexer(MUX)

5.2.3 Modulator

5.2.4 Pulse-Shaping Filter

5.3 Receiver Characteristics and Functions

5.3.1 Demodulator

5.3.2 Demultiplexer(DEMUX)and Decoder

5.4 Noise,Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR),and Bit Errors

5.5 Eye Diagrams

5.5.1 Transmit Eye Diagrams

5.5.2 Receive Eye Diagrams

5.5.3 Eye Diagram Analysis

5.5.4 Eye Masks

5.6 Pulse Distortion Due to Filtering Effects

5.7 Equalization

5.7.1 Bandwidth Limited Equalization and receive Pulse Shapes

5.8 Line Coding

5.8.1 Transmit Pulse Encoding

5.8.2 Block Coding

5.9 Summary

6 Fundamentals of Fiber Optic Communication

6.1 Gigabit Ethernet Optical Links

6.2 Fundamental Design Constraints and Considerations

6.2.1 The Optical Power Budget

6.2.2 Cost Considerations

6.2.3 Inter-Operability Considerations

6.2.4 Optical Fiber Considerations

6.3 Light transmission Through Optical Fibers

6.3.1 Light Rays and Beams

6.3.2 The Three Basic Types of Light Rays

6.3.3 Rays and Modes

6.3.4 Modes:Electric Field and Intensity Patterns

6.3.5 Optical Fiber bandwidth and Attenuation

6.4 Transmitter Electronics and Light Sources

6.4.1 Light Emitting Diodes(LEDs)

6.4.2 Diode Lasers

6.4.3 Mode Partitioning and Mode Partition Noise(MPN)

6.4.4 Laser Transmit Electronics

6.5 Optical fiber Splices and Connectors

6.5.1 Modal Noise

6.6 Optical Signal Detectors

6.7 Summary

6.7.1 The 850 nm,1,300 nm,and 1,550 nm Wavelength Trade-Off

6.7.2 Optical Fiber Performance Comparison

PART Ⅳ The Common 1000BASE-X Physical Layers

7 The Common Physical Sublayers:Reconciliation and the GMII

7.1 PLS/GMII Transmit Signal Group

7.2 PLS/GMII Receive Signal Group

7.3 PLS(CSMA/CD)Status Signal Group

7.3.1 Carrier Sense

7.3.2 Collision Detect(COL)

7.4 GMII Network Management Signals and Associated Registers

7.4.1 Basic Register Functions

7.4.2 Extended Register Functions

7.5 Summary

8 Physical Coding,Physical Medium Attachment,and Auto-Negotiation for 1000BASE-X

8.1 Physical Layer Overview

8.1.1 The Gigabit Ethernet Simplex Link

8.1.2 An Implementation Example:The Network Interface Card

8.1.3 Physical Layer Functions and Interfaces

8.2 The Physical Media Attachment Sublayer

8.3 Ten-Bit Interface

8.3.1 TBI Transmitter

8.3.2 TBI Receiver

8.4 The Physical Coding Sublayer

8.4.1 PCS Carrier Sense

8.4.2 PCS Transmit

8.4.3 PCS Synchronization Function

8.4.4 PCS Receive Function

8.4.5 PCS Auto-Negotiation Function

8.5 Encapsulation of a MAC Frame into a Code-Group Stream

8.5.1 IDLE ordered_sets(I)

8.5.2 Start_of _Packet ordered_sets

8.5.3 End_of_Packet ordered_sets

8.5.4 Carrier_Extend ordered_sets

8.5.5 Error_Propagation ordered_sets

8.5.6 TX_EN,TX_ER,RX_EN,and RX_ER Signals

8.6 The 8B10B Code

8.7 Code-Group Encoding and Decoding

8.8 Summary

PART Ⅴ The 1000BASE-X media Dependent Layers

9 The Gigabit Ethernet Optical Link Model

9.1 Preliminaries:The IEEE 802.3 Worst-Case Design Philosophy

9.2 Introduction to the Optical Link Model

9.3 Pulse Widths,Bandwidths,and Transition Times

9.4 Fiber adn Channel Transition Times

9.4.1 Multimode Fiber Modal Bandwidth

9.4.2 Fiber Chromatic Bandwidth

9.5 The Extimction Ratio Power Penalty

9.6 Inter-Symbol Interference(ISI)

9.7 Cabled Fiber Attenuation

9.8 Connection Insertion Loss

9.9 Return Loss

9.10 Minimum received Inner Eye Opening

9.11 Mode Partition Noise

9.12 Relative Intensity Noise

9.13 Modal Noise Power Penalty Allocation

9.14 Additional Experimental Results

9.15 Deterministic Jitter Allocation

9.16 Example Power Budget

9.17 Summary

10 The Gigabit Ethernet Modal bandwidth Investigation

10.1 The Effective Modal Bandwidth Investigation

10.1.1 Gigabit Ethernet Link Model Worst-Case Operating Ranges

10.1.2 Gigabit Ethernet Jitter Budget Problems

10.2 The Modal Bandwidth Investigation

10.2.1 Radial Overfilled Launch(ROFL)

10.2.2 Resolving the Gigabit Ethernet Jitter Budget Problem

10.3 Offset Launch

10.3.1 Fiber DMD Values

10.3.2 Fiber Refractive Index Distortions

10.3.3 Worst-Case Fiber Simulation

10.3.4 Offset Launch Simulation Results

10.3.5 Experimental Verification of Offset Launch Operation

10.4 Summary

11 1000BASE-X:Optical Fiber and Copper PMDs

11.1 The Optical PMDs

11.1.1 Cable Model and Component Specifications

11.1.2 Optical Transmit Parameters

11.1.3 Optical Receive Parameters

11.1.4 Worst-Case Optical Power Budget Examples

11.2 The Short-Haul Copper PMD

11.2.1 1000BASE-CX Copper Link Model

11.2.2 Copper Transmitter

11.2.3 Copper Cable Assembly

11.2.4 Copper Receiver

11.3 Summary

PART Ⅵ Network Installation and System Considerations

12 The Cable Plant:Installation and Management

12.1 Structured Cabling

12.2 The Cable Plant Infrastructure

12.2.1 Fiber Optic Cable Installation Restrictions

12.2.2 Building Conduit and Cable Troughs

12.2.3 The Outside Cable Plant

12.2.4 As-Built Drawings

12.3 Network Cabling

12.3.1 Cable selection

12.3.2 Cable Testing and validation

12.3.3 The Cable Plant Database

12.4 Cable Plant Management

12.5 Cable Plant Security

12.6 Summary

13 Upgrading Ethernet LANs:System and topology Considerations

13.1 Justifying the Need for Network Upgrades

13.2 Opportunities for Upgrading Ethernet LANs

13.2.1 Quality of Service

13.2.2 Setting Up a CoS Transmission Path

13.3 Planning for a New Network or Network Upgrade

13.3.1 Brute Force Network Panning

13.3.2 Piecemeal Adds,Moves,and Changes

13.3.3 Total Network Planning

13.4 A Compromise Approach to Network Planning

13.4.1 Network Planning Objectives

13.4.2 Mitigating Factors in Planning for Ethernet LANs

13.4.3 Identifying Present and Potential User Populations

13.4.4 Network Architecture Considerations

13.4.5 Network Compatibility Considerations

13.4.6 Network Infrastructure Considerations

13.4.7 Defining the Network Plan

13.5 Summary

14 Gigabit Ethernet in Context with LAN Technologies

14.1 Commonly Installed LAN Technologies

14.1.1 Layer 2 LAN Summary:Token Ring

14.1.2 Layer 2 LAN Summary:FDDI

14.1.3 Layer 2 LAN Summary:100VG-AnyLAN

14.1.4 Layer 2 LAN Summary:ATM

14.1.5 Higher Layer Protocols for IP-Based Networks

14.1.6 Higher Layer Protocols for ATM-Based Networks

14.2 Network Upgrade Comparisons

14.2.1 Higher Speed Token Ring

14.2.2 FDDI

14.2.3 100VG-AnyLAN

14.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

14.3 Summary

15 The Future:Gigabit Ethernet and Beyond

15.1 1000BASE-T:Gigabit Ethernet over UTP Copper Cable

15.1.1 1000BASE-T Signal Transmission and Reception

15.1.2 1000BASE-T Cabling Considerations

15.2 Link Aggregation:Project 802.3ad

15.2.1 Link Aggregation Logical Model

15.2.2 Link Aggregation Functional Model

15.3 Extended Length Gigabit Ethernet Links

15.4 Gigabit Ethernet Implementation in MANs and WANs

15.4.1 QoS

15.4.2 Billing

15.4.3 Network Management

15.4.4 Link Protection and Restoration

15.5 Wavelength division Multiplexing and Gigabit Ethernet

15.5.1 Optical-Layer,Physical/Data Link Layer,and Layer 3 Link Protection and Restoration

15.6 Ten gigabit ethernet

15.6.1 The Need for Ten Gigabit Ethernet

15.6.2 Technical considerations

15.6.3 Single-Mode Fiber

15.6.4 Physical Layer Electronics Issues

15.6.5 Single Channel Line Coding Issues

15.7 Summary

15.8 Final Thoughts

APPENDIXES

A References and Other Sources of Additional Information

IEEE 802.3 Standards and Supplements

Other Standards

Books and Papers

B 8B10B Code Table

Glossary

Index