语义学新探

Chapter 1 Semantics in linguistics

1．1 Definition of semantics

1．2 Semantics and semiotics

1．3 Semantics and pragmatics

1．4 Some important assumptions

1．4．1 Reference and sense

1．4．2 Utterances， sentences and propositions

1．4．3 Sentence meaning and utterance meaning

1．4．4 Literal and non-literal meaning

1．4．5 Refer and denote

1．4．6 Referents and extensions

1．4．7 Conceptual meaning and associative meaning

1．5 Meanings of meaning

1．5．1 The referential theory： meaning as naming

1．5．2 Conceptualism： meaning as concept

1．5．3 Contextualism： meaning as context

1．5．4 Behaviorism： meaning as behavior

1．6 Summary

Chapter 2 Language， thought and reality．

2．1 Language and thought

2．1．1 Language determines thought

2．1．2 Thought determines language

2．1．3 The language of thought hypothesis

2．2 Thought and reality

2．3 Language and reality

2．4 Summary

Chapter 3 Word meaning

3．1 What is a word？

3．2 Lexical ambiguity and vagueness

3．3 Sense relations

3．3．1 Synonymy

3．3．2 Antonymy

3．3．3 Hyponymy

3．3．4 Homonymy

3．3．5 Polysemy

3．3．6 Meronymy

3．3．7 Member——collection

3．3．8 Portion——mass

3．4 Summary

Chapter 4 Sentence relations and truth

4．1 Logic and truth

4．2 Necessary truth， a priori truth and analyticity

4．3 Entailment

4．4 Presupposition

4．4．1 Two approaches to presupposition

4．4．2 Presupposition failure

4．4．3 Presupposition triggers

4．4．4 Presuppositions and context

4．5 Summary

Chapter 5 Sentence semantics 1： situations

5．1 situation types

5．2 Verbs and situation types

5．2．1 Stative verbs

5．2．2 Dynamic verbs

5．3 A system of situation types

5．4 Modalityand evidentiality

5．4．1 Modality

5．4．2 Interpretations of some modal verbs

5．4．3 Evidentiality

5．5 Summary

Chapter 6 Sentence semantics 2： thematic roles

6．1 Thematic roles

6．2 Identification of thematic roles

6．3 Grammatical relations and thematic roles

6．4 Problems with thematic roles

6．5 The motivation for identifying thematic roles

6．6 Voice

6．7 Summary

Chapter 7 Context and inference： a pragmatic study of meaning 1

7．1 Deixis

7．1．1 Place deixis

7．1．2 Person deixis

7．1．3 Time deixis

7．1．4 Discourse deixis

7．1．5 Social deixis

7．1．6 Grammaticalization of contextual information

7．1．7 Metaphorical relationship between space， time and discourse deixis

7．2 Reference and context

7．3 Knowledge as context

7．3．1 Situation as context

7．3．2 Discourse as context

7．3．3 Background knowledge as context

7．3．4 Giving background knowledge to computers

7．4 Information structure

7．5 Inference

7．6 Conversational implicature

7．6．1 Grices Cooperative Principle

7．6．2 Post-Gricean developments

7．7 Summary

Chapter 8 Speech act theory： a pragmatic study of meaning 2

8．1 Austins Speech Act Theory

8．1．1 The performative-constative dichotomy

8．1．2 Felicity conditions

8．1．3 Collapse of the dichotomy

8．1．4 A theory of illocutionary act

8．2 Searles theory of speech acts

8．3 Indirect speech acts

8．4 Indirect speech acts and politeness

8．5 Summary

Chapter 9 Decomposition of meaning

9．1 Componential analysis

9．2 Katzs semantic theory

9．2．1 The Katzian dictionary

9．2．2 Projection rules

9．3 Components and conflation patterns

9．4 Conflation patterns of motion verbs in English and Chinese．．-

9．4．1 Conflation patterns of manner verbs in English and Chinese

9．4．2 Conflation patterns of path verbs in English and Chinese ——．

9．5 Predication analysis

9．6 Summary

Chapter 10 Cognitive semantics

10．1 Metaphor and metonymy

10．1．1 Metaphor

10．1．2 Metonymy

10．1．3 Metaphor-metonymy interaction

10．2 image schema

10．2．1 Containment schema

10．2．2 Path schema

10．2．3 Force schema

10．3 Polysemy

10．3．1 Prepositions

10．3．2 Modal verbs

10．4 Categorization and idealized cognitive models

10．4．1 Categorization

10．4．2 Idealized cognitive models

10．5 Iconicity

10．5．1 Iconicity of order

10．5．2 Iconicity of distance

10．5．3 Iconicity of quantity

10．5．4 Philosophical interpretation of iconicity

10．5．5 Iconicity and other competing principles

10．6 Mental spaces

10．6．1 Connections between spaces

10．6．2 Referential opacity

10．6．3 Presupposition

10．7 Conceptual blending

10．7．1 The origins of Blending Theory

10．7．2 Towards a theory of conceptual integration

10．7．3 The nature of blending

10．7．4 Contrasting Blending Theory with Conceptual Metaphor Theory

10．8 Grammaticalization

10．9 Summary

Bibliography