C++程序设计（英文版·第五版）

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 History of C and C++ 2

1.3 C++ Standard Library 2

1.4 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 3

1.5 Typical C++ Development Environment 4

1.6 Notes About C++ and Small C++ How to Program, 5/e 7

1.7 Test-Driving a C++ Application 7

1.8 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 12

1.9 Wrap-Up 17

1.10 Web Resources 17

2 Introduction to C++ Programming 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text 21

2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program 24

2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 25

2.5 Memory Concepts 28

2.6 Arithmetic 29

2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 33

2.8 Wrap-Up 36

3 Introduction to Classes and Objects 41

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members 41

3.3 Overview of the Chapter Examples 42

3.4 Defining a Class with a Member Function 43

3.5 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 45

3.6 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 48

3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors 54

3.8 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 57

3.9 Separating Interface from Implementation 60

3.10 Validating Data with set Functions 65

3.11 Wrap-Up 69

Contents

c++Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, November 9, 2005 1:35 PM

2 Contents

4 Control Statements: Part 1 73

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 Algorithms 73

4.3 Pseudocode 73

4.4 Control Structures 74

4.5 if Selection Statement 78

4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 79

4.7 while Repetition Statement 83

4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 84

4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 89

4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 98

4.11 Assignment Operators 102

4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 103

4.13 Wrap-Up 105

5 Control Statements: Part 2 111

5.1 Introduction 111

5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 111

5.3 for Repetition Statement 113

5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 117

5.5 do…while Repetition Statement 120

5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 122

5.7 break and continue Statements 130

5.8 Logical Operators 132

5.9 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 135

5.10 Structured Programming Summary 136

5.11 Wrap-Up 141

6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 145

6.1 Introduction 145

6.2 Program Components in C++ 145

6.3 Math Library Functions 147

6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 148

6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 152

6.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files 154

6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 155

6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance and Introducing enum 160

6.9 Storage Classes 163

6.10 Scope Rules 166

6.11 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 168

6.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 172

6.13 Inline Functions 173

6.14 References and Reference Parameters 174

6.15 Default Arguments 178

6.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 180

c++Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, November 9, 2005 1:35 PM

Contents 3

6.17 Function Overloading 181

6.18 Function Templates 183

6.19 Recursion 185

6.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 188

6.21 Recursion vs. Iteration 191

6.22 Wrap-Up 193

7 Arrays and Vectors 203

7.1 Introduction 203

7.2 Arrays 203

7.3 Declaring Arrays 205

7.4 Examples Using Arrays 205

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 219

7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 223

7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search 228

7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort 230

7.9 Multidimensional Arrays 232

7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 234

7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 240

7.12 Wrap-Up 244

8 Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings 249

8.1 Introduction 249

8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 249

8.3 Pointer Operators 250

8.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers 253

8.5 Using const with Pointers 256

8.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 262

8.7 sizeof Operators 265

8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 267

8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 270

8.10 Arrays of Pointers 273

8.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 274

8.12 Function Pointers 279

8.13 Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing 283

8.13.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Pointer-Based Strings 283

8.13.2 String Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 285

8.14 Wrap-Up 292

9 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 299

9.1 Introduction 299

9.2 Time Class Case Study 299

9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 305

9.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 307

c++Book.book Page 3 Wednesday, November 9, 2005 1:35 PM

4 Contents

9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 307

9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 310

9.7 Destructors 314

9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 315

9.9 Time Class Case Study:A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private

Data Member 318

9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 320

9.11 Software Reusability 322

9.12 Wrap-Up 322

10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 327

10.1 Introduction 327

10.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 327

10.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 336

10.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 341

10.5 Using the this Pointer 345

10.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete 349

10.7 static Class Members 351

10.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 356

10.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data Type 357

10.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data Type 357

10.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type 357

10.9 Container Classes and Iterators 358

10.10 Proxy Classes 358

10.11 Wrap-Up 361

11 Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects 365

11.1 Introduction 365

11.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 365

11.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 366

11.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 368

11.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 369

11.6 Overloading Unary Operators 372

11.7 Overloading Binary Operators 372

11.8 Case Study: Array Class 373

11.9 Converting between Types 383

11.10 Case Study: String Class 384

11.11 Overloading ++ and -- 394

11.12 Case Study: A Date Class 395

11.13 Standard Library Class string 399

11.14 explicit Constructors 402

11.15 Wrap-Up 405

c++Book.book Page 4 Wednesday, November 9, 2005 1:35 PM

Contents 5

12 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 409

12.1 Introduction 409

12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 410

12.3 protected Members 412

12.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 412

12.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 413

12.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 417

12.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance

Hierarchy 422

12.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy

Using protected Data 426

12.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy

Using private Data 435

12.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 439

12.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 446

12.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 446

12.8 Wrap-Up 448

13 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 451

13.1 Introduction 451

13.2 Polymorphism Examples 452

13.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 453

13.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 453

13.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 459

13.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 460

13.3.4 Virtual Functions 462

13.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class

Objects and Pointers 467

13.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 468

13.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 468

13.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 470

13.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 471

13.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 474

13.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 476

13.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 478

13.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 480

13.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 481

13.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 485

13.8 Case Study: Payroll System 488

13.9 Virtual Destructors 491

13.10 Wrap-Up 492

c++Book.book Page 5 Wednesday, November 9, 2005 1:35 PM