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Chapter 1The Science of Chemistry
Introduction: Matter Is Molecular
1.1 What Is Chemistry?
How Chemistry Advances
Methods of Science
Box 1-1 Chemistry and Life: Is There Life on Other Planets?
1.2 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds
Atoms
Molecules
The Elements
Chemical Formulas
1.3 The Periodic Table of the Elements
Arrangement
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Periodic Properties
1.4 Characteristics of Matter
Phases of Matter
Transformations of Matter
Box 1-2 Tools for Discovery: Atomic-Level Microscopy
1.5 Measurements in Chemistry
Physical Properties
Magnitude
Units
Unit Conversions
Precision and Accuracy
Significant Figures
1.6 Calculations in Chemistry
Density
Precision of Calculations
1.7 Chemical Problem Solving
Chapter 2The Atomic Nature of Matter
Introduction: Nuclear Medicine
2.1 Atomic Theory
Conservation of Atoms and Mass
Atoms Combine to Make Molecules
Box 2-1 Chemistry and Technology: Molecular Machines
Atoms and Molecules Are Continually in Motion
Dynamic Molecular Equilibrium
2.2 Atomic Architecture: Electrons and Nuclei
Forces
Electrons
The Nucleus
2.3 Atomic Diversity: The Elements
Isotopes
Mass Spectrometry
Nuclear Stability
Unstable Nuclei
Isotopes in Medicine
Box 2-2 Chemistry and Life: Medical Applications of Technetium
2.4 Counting Atoms: The Mole
The Moles and Avogadro’s Number
Molar Mass
Mole-Mass-Atom Conversions
2.5 Charged Atoms: Ions
Ionic Compounds 57
Chapter 3The Composition of Molecules
Introduction: Our World Is Molecular
3.1 Representing Molecules
Chemical Formulas
Structural Formulas
Three-Dimensional Models
Line Structures
Box 3-1 Chemical Milestones: Forms of Elemental Carbon
3.2 Naming Chemical Compounds
Naming Nonmetallic Binary Compounds
Binary Compounds of Hydrogen
Compounds That Contain Carbon
3.3 Formulas and Names of Ionic Compounds
Atomic Cations and Anons
Polyatomic Ions
Recognizing Ionic Compounds
Ionic Formulas
Cations of Variable Charge
Hydrates
3.4 Amounts of Compounds
Molar Masses of Chemical Compounds
Mass-Molar-Number Conversions for Compounds
3.5 Determining Chemical Formulas
Mass Percent Composition
Empirical Formula
Analysis by Decomposition
Box 3-2 Tools for Discovery: Applications of Mass Spectrometry
Combustion Analysis
3.6 Aqueous Solutions
Molarity
Chapter 4Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Chapter 5 The Behavior of Gases
Chapter 6Energy and Its Conservation
Chapter 7Atoms and Light
Chapter 8Atomic Energies and Periodicity
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 10Theories of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 11Effects of Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 12Properties of Solutions
Chapter 13Macromolecules
Chapter 14Spontaneity of Chemical Processes
Chapter 15Kinetics: Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions
Chapter 16Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 17Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibria
Chapter 18Applications of Aqueous Equilibria
Chapter 19Electron Transfer Reactions
Chapter 20The Transition Metals
Chapter 21The Main Group Elements
Chapter 22Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry
Appendix A: Scientific Notation
Appendix B: Quantitative Observations
Appendix C: Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
Appendix D: Standard Thermodynamic Functions
Appendix E: Equilibrium Constants
Appendix F: Standard Reduction Potentials
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems
Photo Credits
Glossary
Index of Equations
Index
