计算机图形学：C语言版 第2版 英文版

Contents

A Survey of Computer

Graphics

Computer-Aided Design

Presentation Graphics

Computer Art

Entertainment

Education and Training

Visualization

Image Processing

Graphical User Interfaces

Overview of Graphics

Systems

Video Display Devices

Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

Raster-Scan Displays

Random-Scan Displays

Color CRT Monitors

Direct-View Storage Tubes

Flat-Panel Displays

Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices

Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality

Systems

Raster-Scan Systems

Video Controller

Raster-Scan Display Processor

Random-Scan Systems

Graphics Monitors and Workstations

Input Devices

Keyboards

Mouse

Trackball and Spaceball

Joysticks

Data Glove

Digitizers

Image Scanners

Touch Panels

Light Pens

Voice Systems

Hard-Copy Devices

Graphics Software

Coordinate Representations

Graphics Functions

Software Standards

PHIGS Workstations

Summary

References

Exercises

Output Primitives

Points and Lines

Line-Drawing Algorithms

DDA Algorithm

Bresenham's Line Algorithm

Parallel Line Algorithms

Loading the Frame Buffer

Line Function

Circle-Generating Algorithms

Properties of Circles

Midpoint Circle Algorithm

Ellipse-Generating Algorithms

Properties of EUipses

Midpoint EUipse Algorithm

OtherCurves

Conic Sections

Polynomials and Spline Curves

Parallet Curve Algorithms

Curve Functions

Pixel Addressing

and Object Geometry

Screen Grid Coordinates

Maintaining Geometric Properties

of Displayed Objects

1Filled-AreaPrimitives

Scan-Line Polygon Fill Algorithm

Inside-Outside Tests

Scan-Lihe Fill of Curved Boundary

Areas

Boundary-FiII Algorithm

Flood-Fill Algorithm

Fill-Area Functions

CellArray

Character Generation

Summary

Applications

References

Exercises

Attributes of Output

Primitives

Line Attributes

LineType

Line Width

Pen and Brush Options

Line Color

Curve Attributes

Color and Grayscale Levels

ColorTables

Grayscale

Area-Fill Attributes

Fill Styles

Pattem Fill

SoftFill

Character Attributes

Text Attributes

Marker Attributes

Bundled Attributes

Bundled Line Attributes

Bundled Area-Fill Attributes

Bundled Text Attributes

Bundled Marker Attributes

Inquiry Functions

Antialiasing

Supersampling Straight Line

Segments

Pixel-Weighting Masks

Area Sampling Straight Line

Segments

Filtering Techniques

Pixel Phasing

Compensating for Line Intensity

Differences

Antialiasing Area Boundaries

Summary

References

Exercises

Affine Transformations

Transformation Functions

Raster Methods for Transformations

Summary

References

Exercises

Two-Dimensional Viewing

Basic Transformations

Translation

Rotation

Scaline

Two-Dimensional Geometric

Transformations

Basic Transformations

Translation

Rotation

Scaling

Matrix Representations

and Homogeneous Coordinates

Composite Transformations

Translations

Rotations

Scalings

General Pivot-Point Rotation

General Fixed-Point Scaling

General Scaling Directions

Concatenation Properties

General Composite Transformations

and Computational Effidency

Other Transformations

Reflection

Shear

Transformations Between Coordinate

Systems

The Viewing Pipeline

Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame

Window-to-Viewport Coordinate

Transformation

Two-Dimensional Viewing Functions

Clipping Operations

Point Clipping

Line Clipping

Cohen-Sutheriand Line Clipping

Liang-Barsky Line Clipping

Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping

Line Clipping Using Nonrectangular

Clip Windows

Splitting Concave Polygons

Polygon Clipping

Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon

Clipping

Weiler-Atherton Polygon Clipping

Other Polygon-Clipping Algorithms

CurveClipping

TextClipping

Exterior Clipping

Summary

References

Exercises

Structures and Hierarchical

Modeling

Structure Cohcepts

Basic Structure Functions

Setting Structure Attributes

Editing Structures

Structure Lists and the Element

Pointer

Setting the Edit Mode

Inserting Structure Elements

Repladng Structure Elements

Deleting Structure Elements

Labeling Structure Elements

Copying Elements from One Structure

to Another

Basic Modeling Concepts

Model Representations

Symbol Hierarchies

Modeling Packages

Hierarchical Modeling

with Structures

Local Coordinates and Modeling

Transfonnations

Modeling Transformations

Structure Hierarchies

Summary

References

Exercises

Graphical User Interfaces

and Interactive Input

Methods

The User Dialogue

Windows and Icons

Accommodatmg Multiple

Skill Levels

Consistency

Mininuzing Memorization

Backup and Error Handling

Feedback

Input of Graphical Data

Logical Classification of Input

Devices

Locator Devices

Stroke Devices

String Devices

Valuator Devices

Choice Devices

Pick Devices

Input Functions

Input Modes

Request Mode

Locator and Stroke Input

in Request Mode

String Input in Request Mode

Valuator Input in Request Mode

Choice Input in Request Mode

Pick Input in Request Mode

Sample Mode

Event Mode

Concurrent Use of Input Modes

Initial Values for Input-Device

Parameters

Interactive Picture-Construction

Techniques

Basic Positioning Methods

Constraints

Grids

Gravity Field

Rubber-Band Methods

Dragging

Painting and Drawing

Virtual-Reality Environments

Summary

References

Exercises

Three-Dimensional Concepts

Three-Dimensional

Display Methods

Parallel Projection

Perspective Projection

Depth Cueing

Visible Line and Surface

Identification

Surface Rendering

Exploded and Cutaway Views

Three-Dimensional and Stereoscopic

Views

Three-Dimensional Graphics

Packages

Three-Dimensional Object

Representations

Polygon Surfaces

Polygon Tables

Plane Equations

Polygon Meshes

Curved Lines and Surfaces

Quadric Surfaces

Sphere

Ellipsoid

Torus

Superquadrics

Superellipse

SupereUipsoid

Blobby Objects

SplineRepresentations

Interpolatioh and Approximation

Splines

Parametric Continuity

Conditions

Geometric Continuity

Conditions

Spline Specifications

Cubic Spline Interpolation

Methods

Natural Cubic Splines

Hermite Interpolation

Cardinal Splines

Kochanek-Bartels Splines

Bezier Curves and Surfaces

Bezier Curves

Properties of Bezier Curves

Design Techniques Using Bezier

Curves

Cubic Bezier Curves

Bezier Surfaces

B-Spline Curves and Surfaces

B-Spline Curves

Uniform, Periodic B-Splines

Cubic, Periodic B-Splines

Open, Uniform B-Splines

Nonuniform B-Splines

B-Spline Surfaces

Beta-Splines

Beta-Spline Continuity

Conditions

Cubic, Periodic Beta-Spline

Matrix Representation

Rational Splines

Conversion Between Spline

Representations

Displaying Spline Curves

and Surfaces

Homer's Rule

Forward-Difference Calculations

Subdivision Methods

Sweep Representations

Constructive Solid-Geometry

Methods

Octrees

BSP Trees

Fractal-Geometry Methods

Fractal-Generation Procedures

Classification of Fractals

Fractal Dimension

Geometric Construction

of Deterministic Self-Similar

Fractals

Geometric Construcfion

of Statistically Self-Similar

Fractals

Affine Fractal-Construction

Methods

Random Midpoint-Displacement

Methods

Controlling Terrain Topography

Self-Squaring Fractals

Self-Inverse Fractals

Shape Grammars and Other

Procedural Methods

Particle Systems

Physically Based Modeling

Visualization of Data Sets

Visual Representations

for Scalar Pields

Visual Representations

for Vector Fields

Visual Representations

for Tensor Fields

Three-Dimensional Geometric and Modeling Transformations

Visual Representations

for Multivariate Data Fields

Summary

References

Exercises

Translation

Rotation

Coordinate-Axes Rotations

General Three-Dimensional

Rotations

Rotations with Quatemions

Scaling

Other Transformations

ReQections

Shears

Composite Transformations

Three-Dimensional Transformation Functions

Modeling and Coordinate

Transformations

Summary

References

Exercises

Three-Dimensional

Viewing

Viewing Pipeline

Viewing Coordinates

Specifying the View Plane

Transformation from World

to Viewing Coordinates

Projections

Parallel Projections

Perspective Projections

View Volumes and General

Projection Transformations

General Parallel-ProJection

Transformations

General Perspective-Projection

Transformations

Clipping

Normalized View Volumes

Viewport Clipping

Clipping in Homogeneous

Coordinates

Hardware Implementations

Three-Dimensional Viewing

Functions

Summary

References

Exercises

Wireframe Methods

Visibility-Detection Functions Summary

References

Exercises

Exerciseslllumination Models and Surface-Rendering Methods

Light Sources Basic

lll umination Models Ambient Visible-Surface Detection Methods

Light Diffuse Reflection

Specnlar Reflection

and the Phong Model

Combined Diffuse and Specular

Reflections with Multiple Light

Classification of Visible-Surface

Detection Algorithms

Back-Face Detection

Depth-Buffer Method

A-Buffer Method

Scan-Line Method

Depth-Sorting Method

BSP-Tree Method

Area-Subdivision Method

Octree Methods

Ray-Casting Method

Curved Surfaces

Curved-Surface Representations

Surface Contour Plots

Fast Phong Shading

Ray-Tracing Methods

Basic Ray-Tracing Algorithm

Ray-Surface Intersection

Calculations

Reducing Object-Intersection

Calculations

Space-Subdivision Methods

Antialiased Ray Tradng

Distributed RayTradng

Radiosity Lighting Model

Basic Radiosity Model

Progressive Refinement

Radiosity Method

Environment Mapping

Adding Surface Detail

Modeling Surface Detail

with Polygons

Texture Mapping

Procedural Texturing

Methods

Bump Mapping

Frame Mapping

Summary

References

Exercises

Color Models and Color Applications

Properties of Light

Standard Primaries and the

Chromaticity Diagram

XYZColorModel

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Intuitive Color Concepts

RGB Color Model

YIQ Color Model

Mathematics for Computer

Graphics

Coordinate-Reference Frames

Two-Dimensional Cartesian

Reference Frames

Polar Coordinates in the xy Plane

Three-Dimensional Cartesian

Reference Frames

Three-Dimensional Curvilinear

Coordinate Systems

Solid Angle

Points and Vectors

Vector Addition and Scalar

Multiplication

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

Vector Product of Two Vectors

Basis Vectors and the Metric Tensor

Orthonormal Basis

Metric Tensor

Matrices

Scalar Multiplication and Matrix

Addition

Matrix Multiplication

Matrix Transpose

Determinant of a Matrix

Matrix Inverse

Complex Numbers

Quaternions

Nonparametric Representations

arametric Representations

Numerical Methods

Solving Sets of Linear Equations

Finding Roots of Nonlinear

Equations

Evaluating Integrals

Fitting Curves to Data Sets

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX