C语言程序设计

Introduction1

Some Fundamentals5

Programming5

Higher-Level Languages6

Operating Systems6

Compiling Programs7

Integrated Development Environments10

Language Interpreters10

Compiling and Running Your First

Program11

CompilingYour Program11

P,-unningYour Program12

UnderstandingYour First Program13

Displaying theValues of Variables15

Comments17

Exercises19

Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic

Expressions21

Working with Variables21

Understanding Data Types and Constants23

The Basic Integer Type ~ne23

The Floating NumberType float24

The Extended Precision Type double25

The Single Character Type char25

The Boolean DataType Bool26

Type Specifiers: long, long long, short,

unsigned, and signed28

Working with Arithmetic Expressions30

Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus

Operator33

The Modulus Operator35

Integer and Floating-Point Conversions36

Combining Operations with Assignment: The

Assignment Operators38

Types Complex and Imaginary39

Exercises40

Program Looping43

The for Statement44

Relational Operators46

Aligning Output50

Program Input51

Nested for Loops53

for Loop Variants54

The while Statement56

The do Statement60

The break Statement62

The continue Statement62

Exercises63

Making Decisions65

The if Statement65

The if-else Construct69

Compound Relational Tests72

Nested if Statements75

The else if Construct76

The switch Statement84

Boolean Variables87

The Conditional Operator91

Exercises93

Working with Arrays95

Defining an Array96

Using Array Elements as Counters100

Generating Fibonacci Numbers103

Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers

104

Initializing Arrays106

Character Arrays108

Base Conversion Using Arrays109

The const Qualifier111

Multidimensional Arrays113

Variable-Length Arrays115

Exercises117

Working with Functions119

Defining a Function119

Arguments and LocalVariables122

Function Prototype Declaration124

Automatic LocalVariables124

Returning Function Results126

Functions Calling Functions Calling...131

Declaring Return Types and Argument Types1

134

Checking Function Arguments135

Top-Down Programming137

Functions and Arrays137

Assignment Operators142

Sorting Arrays143

Multidimensional Arrays146

GlobalVariables152

Automatic and Static Variables156

Recursive Functions159

Exercises162

Working with Structures165

A Structure for Storing the Date166

Using Structures in Expressions168

Functions and Structures171

A Structure for Storing theTime177

Initializing Structures180

Compound Literals181

Arrays of Structures182

Structures Containing Structures185

Structures Containing Arrays187

Structure Variants190

Exercises191

10Character Strings195

Arrays of Characters196

Variable-Length Character Strings198

Initializing and Displaying Character

Strings201

Testing Two Character Strings for Equality204

Inputting Character Strings206

Single-Character Input208

The Null String213

Escape Characters216

More on Constant Strings218

Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays219

A Better Search Method222

Character Operations227-

Exercises230

1Pointers235

Defining a PointerVariable.235

Using Pointers in Expressions239

Working with Pointers and Structures240

Structures Containing Pointers243

Linked Lists244

The Keyword const and Pointers253

Pointers and Functions254

Pointers and Arrays259

A Slight Digression About Program

Optimization263

Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer?264

Pointers to Character Strings266

Constant Character Strings and Pointers26;

The Increment and Decrement Operators

Revisited268

Operations on Pointers272

Pointers to Functions273

Pointers and Memory Addresses274

Exercises276

12Operations on Bits279

Bit Operators280

The Bitwise AND Operator281

The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator283

The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator284

The Ones Complement Operator285

The Left Shift Operator287

The Right Shift Operator287

A Shift Function288

Rotating Bits290

Bit Fields292

Exercises297

13The Preprocessor299

The #define Statement299

Program Extendability303

Program Portability305

More Advanced Types of Definitions306

The # Operator312

The ## Operator313

The #include Statement313

System Include Files316

Conditional Compilation316

The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef

Statements316

The #if and #elif Preprocessor

Statements318

The #undef Statement319

Exercises320

14 More on Data Types321

Enumerated Data Types321

The typedef Statement325

Data Type Conversions327

Sign Extension329

Argument Conversion329

Exercises330

15Working with Larger Programs333

DividingYour Program into Multiple Files333

Compiling Multiple Source Files from the

Command Line334

Communication Between Modules336

External Variables336

Static Versus ExternVariables and

Functions339

Using Header Files Effectively341

Other Utilities for Working with Larger

Programs342

The make Utility343

The cvs Utility344

Unix Utilities: at, grep, sed, and so on345

16 Input and Output Operations in C347

Character I/O: getchar and putchar348

Formatted I/O: printf and scanf348

The printf Function348

The scanf Function355

Input and Output Operations with Files359

Redirecting I/O to a File359

End of File361

Special Functions for Working with Files363

The fopen Function363

The getc and putc Functions365

The fclose Function365

The feof Function367

The fprintf and fscanf Functions368

The fgets and fputs Functions368

stdin, stdout, and stderr369

The exit Function370

Renaming and Removing Files371

Exercises371

17Miscellaneous and Advanced Features373

Miscellaneous Language Statements373

The goto Statement373

The null Statement374

Working with Unions375

The Comma Operator378

Type Qualifiers378

The register Qualifier378

The volatile Qualifier379

The restrict Qualifier379

Command-Line Arguments380

Dynamic Memory Allocation383

The calloc and malloc Functions384

The sizeof Operator385

The free Function387

18 Debugging Programs389

Debugging with the Preprocessor389

Debugging Programs with gdb395

Working with Variables398

Source File Display399

Controlling Program Execution400

Getting a StackTrace405

Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and

Structures405

Getting Help with gdb Commands406

Odds and Ends408

19Object-Oriented Programming411

What Is an Object Anyway?411

Instances and Methods412

Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions413

Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with

Fractions414

Defining a C++ Class toWork with Fractions419

. Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions422

A C Language Summary425

1.0 Digraphs and Identifiers425

1.1 Digraph Characters425

1.2 Identifiers425

2.0 Comments426

3.0 Constants427

3.1 Integer Constants427

3.2 Floating-Point Constants427

3.3 Character Contants428

3.4 Character String Constants429

3.5 Enumeration Constants430

4.0 Data Types and Declarations430

4.1 Declarations430

4.2 Basic Data Types430

4.3 Derived DataTypes432

4.4 Enumerated Data Types438

4.5The typedef Statement438

4.6 Type Modifiers const, volatile, and

restrict439

5.0 Expressions439

5.1 Summary of C Operators440

5.2 Constant Expressions442

5.3 Arithmetic Operators443

5.4 Logical Operators444

5.5 Relational Operators444

5.6 Bitwise Operators445

5.7 Increment and Decrement Operators445

5.8 Assignment Operators446

5.9 Conditional Operators446

5.10 Type Cast Operator446

5.11 sizeof Operator447

5.12 Comma Operator447

5.13 Basic Operations with Arrays447

5.14 Basic Operations with Structures448

5.15 Basic Operations with Pointers448

5.16 Compound Literals450

5.17 Conversion of Basic DataTypes451

6.0 Storage Classes and Scope452

6.1 Functions452

6.2 Variables452

7.0 Functions454

7.1 Function Definition454

7.2 Function Call455

7.3 Function Pointers456

8.0 Statements456

8.1 Compound Statements456

8.2 The break Statement456

8.3 The continue Statement457

8.4 The do Statement457

8.5 The for Statement457

8.6The goto Statement458

8.7The if Statement458

8.8 The null Statement458

8.9 The return Statement459

8.10 The switch Statement459

8.11 The while Statement460

9.0 The Preprocessor460

9.1 Trigraph Sequences460

9.2 Preprocessor Directives461

9.3 Predefined Identifiers466

BThe Standard C Library467

Standard Header Files467

<stddef .h>467

<limits.h>468

<stdbool. h>469

<float.h>469

<stdint.h>469

String Functions470

Memory Functions472

Character Functions473

I/O Functions473

In-Memory Format Conversion Functions478

String-to-Number Conversion479

Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions481

Math Functions482

Complex Arithmetic488

General Utility Functions490

CCompiling Programs with ~cc493

General Command Format493

Command-Line Options494

DCommon Programming Mistakes497

E Resources501

Answers to Exercises, Errata, etc.501

The C Programming Language501

Books501

Web Sites502

Newsgroups502

C Compilers and Integrated Development

Environments502

gcc502

MinGW502

CygWin502

Visual Studio503

CodeWarrior503

Kylix503

Miscellaneous503

Object-Oriented Pmgranming503

The C++ Language503

The C# Language503

The Objective-C Language503

Development Tools504

Index505