现代数据库管理：英文版

Preface

Part I The Context of Database Management

PART I OVERVIEW

1 The Database Environment

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Data

Data Versus Information

Metadata

Traditional File Processing Systems

FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY

Disadvantages of File Processing Systems

Program-Data Dependence

Duplication of Data

Limited Data Sharing

Lengthy Development Times

Excessive Program Maintenance

The Database Approach

THE DATABASE APPROACH AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY

Enterprise Data Model

Relational Databases

Implementing Relational Databases

A Database Application

The Range of Database Applications

Personal Databases

Workgroup Databases

department Databases

Enterprise Databases

Internet,Intranet,and Dextranet Databases

Summary of Databases Applications

Advantages of the Database Approach

Program-Data Independence

Minimal Data Redundancy

Improved Data Consistency

Improved Data Sharing

Increased Productivity of Application Development

Enforcement of Standards

Improved Data quality

Improved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness

Reduced Program Maintenance

Cautions About Database Benefits

Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

New,Specialized Personnel

Installation and Management Cost and Complexity

Conversion Costs

Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery

Organizational Conflict

Components of the Database Environment

Evolution of Database Systems

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000 and Beyond

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

2 Database Development Process

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Database Development Within Information Systems Development

Information Systems Architecture

Information Engineering

Information Systems Planning

Identifying Strategic Planning Factors

Identifying Corporate Planning Objects

Developing an Enterprise Model

Database Development Process

Systems Development Life Cycle

Enterprise Modeling

Conceptual Data Modeling

Logical Database Design

Physical Database Design and Definition

Database Implementation

Database Maintenance

Alternative IS Development Approaches

The Role of CASE and a Repository

Managing the People Involved in Database Deelopment

Three-Schema Architecture for Database Development

Three-Tiered Database Location Architecture

DEVELOPING A DATABASE APPLICATION FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE

Matching User Needs to the Information Systems Architecture

Analyzing Database Requirements

Designing the Database

Using the Database

Administering the Database

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

Part II Database Analysis

PART II OVERVIEW

3 Modeling Data in the Organization

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Modeling the Rules of the Organization

Overview of Business Rules

The Business Rules Paradigm

Scope of Business Rules

Good Business Rules

Gathering Business Rules

Data Names and Definitions

Data Names

Data Definitions

Good Data Definitions

Data Names

Data Definitions

Good Data Definitions

The E-R Model

Sample E-R Diagram

E-R Model Notation

Entity-Relationship Model Constructs

Entities

Entity Type Versus Entity Instance

Entity Type Versus System Input,Output,or User

Strong Versus Weak Entity Types

Naming and Defining Entity Types

Attributes

Simple Versus Composite Attributes

Single-Valued Versus Multivalued Attributes

Stored Versus Derived Attributes

Identifier Attribute

Naming and Defining Attributes

Relationships

Basic Concepts and Definitions in Relationships

Attributes on Relationships

Associativer Entities

Degree of a Relationship

Unary Relationship

Binary Relationship

ternary Realationship

Attributes or Relationship?

Cardinality Constraints

Minimum Cardinality

Maximum Cardinality

Some Examples

A Ternary Relationship

Modeling Time-Dependent Data

Multiple Relationships

Naming and Defining Relationships

E-R MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY

DTABASE PROCESSING AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE

Showing Product Information

Showing Customer Information

Showing Customer Order Status

Showing Product Sales

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

4 The Enhanced E-R Model and Business Rules

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Representing Supertypes and Subtypes

Basic Concepts and Notation

An Example

Attribute Inheritance

When to Use Supertype/Subtype Relationships

Representing Specialization and Generalization

Generalization

Specialization

Combining Specialization and Generalization

Specifying Constraints in Supertype/Subtype Relationships

Specifying Completeness Constraints

Total Specialization Rule

Partial Specialization Rule

Specifying Disjointness Constraints

Disjoint Rule

Overlap Rule

Defining Subtype Discriminators

Disjoint Subtypes

Overlapping Subtypes

Defining Supertype/Subtype Hierarchies

An Example

Summary of Supertype/Subtype Hierarchies

EER MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE

Entity clustering

Business Rules Revisited

Classification of Business Rules

Stating a Structural Assertion

Derived Facts

Stating an Action Assertion

Types of Action Assertions

Representing and Enforcing Business Rules

Sample Business Rules

Identifying and Testing Business Rules

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

Part III Database Design

PART III OVERVIEW

5 Logical Database Design and the Relational Model

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Relational Data Model

Basic definitions

Relational Data Structure

Relational Keys

Properties of Relations

Removing Multivalued Attributes from Tables

Example Database

Integrity Constraints

Domain Constraints

Entity Integrity

Referential Integrity

Action Assertions

Creating Relational Tables

Well-Structured Relations

Transforming EER Diagrams into Relations

Step 1:Map Regular entities

Composite Attributes

Multivalued Attributes

Step 2:Map Weak Entities

Step 3:Map Binary Relationships

Map Binary One-to-Many Relationships

Map Binary Many-to-Many Relationships

Map Binary One-to-One Relationships

Step 4:Map Associative Entities

Identifier Not Assigned

Identifier Assigned

Step 5:Map Unary Relationships

Unary One-to-Many Relationships

Unary Many-to-Many Relationships

Step 6:Map Ternary(and n-ary)Relationships

Step 7:Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships

Introduction to Normalization

Steps in Normalization

Functional Dependencies and Keys

Determinants

Candidate Keys

The Basic Normal Forms

First Normal Form

Second Normal Form

Third Normal Form

Normalizing Summary Data

Merging Relations

An Example

View Integration Problems

Synonyms

Homonyms

Transitive Dependencies

Supertype/Subtype Relationships

A Final Step for Defining Relational Keys

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

6 Physical Database Design and Performance

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Physical Database Deign Process

Data Volume and Usage Analysis

Designing Fields

Choosing Data Types

Coding and Compression Techniques

Controlling Data Integrity

Handling Missing Data

Designing Physical Records and Denormalizatoin

Denormalization

Designing Physical Files

Poiner

File Organizations

Sequential File Organizations

Indexed File Organizations

Hashed File Organizations

Summary of File Organizations

Clustering Files

Designing Controls for Files

Using and Selecting Indexes

Creating a Primary Key Index

Creating a Secondary(Nonunique)Key Index

When to Use Indexes

RAID:Improving File Access Performance by Parallel Processing

Choosing Among RAID Levels

RAID-0

RAID-1

RAID 0+1

RAID-2

RAID-3

RAID-4

RAID-5

RAID Performance

Designing Databases

Choosing Database Architectures

Optimizing for Query Performance

Parallel Query Processing

Overriding Automatic Query Optimization

Picking Data Block Size

Balancing I/O Across Disk Controllers

Guidelines for Better Query Design

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

7 SQL

Learning Objectives

Introduction

History of the SQL Standard

The Role of SQL in a Database Architecture

The SQL Environment

Defining a Database in SQL

Generating SQL Database Definitions

Creating Tables

Using and Defining Views

Materialized Views

Creating Data Integity Controls

Changing Table Definitions

Removing Tables

Inserting,Updating,and Defeting Data

Batch Input

Deleting Database Contents

Changing Database Contents

Internal Schema Definitions in RDBMSs

Creating Indexes

Processing Single Tables

Clauses of the SELECT Statement

using Expressions

Using Functions

Using Wildcards

Comparison Operators

Using Boolean Operators

Ranges

Distinct

IN and NOT IN Lists

Sorting Results:The ORDER BY Clause

Categorizing Results:The GROUP BY Clause

Qualifying Results by Categories:The HAVING Clause

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

8 Advanced SQL

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Processing Multiple Tables

Equi-Join

Natural Join

Outer Join

Union Join

Sample Multiple Join Involving Four Tables

Subqueries

Correlated Subqueries

Using Derived Tables

Combining Queries

Conditional Expressions

Ensuring Transaction Integrity

Data Dictionary Facilities

SQL-99 Enhancements and Extensions to SQL

Proposed Analytical Functions

Programming Extensions

Triggers and Routines

Triggers

Routines

Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

9 The Client/Server Database Environment

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Client/Server Architectures

File Server Architectures

Limitations of File Servers

Database Server Architectures

Three-Tier Architectures

Partitioning an Application

Role of the Mainframe

Using Parallel Computer Architectures

Multiprocessor Hardware Architectures

Business Related Uses of SMP and MPP Architectures

Using Middleware

Establishing Client/Server Security

Client/Server Security Issues for Web-Enabled Databases

Client/Server Issues

Database Access From Client Applications

Using Query-by-Example

The History and Importance of QBE

QBE:The Basics

Selecting Qualified Records

Self-Join

Basing a Query on Another Query

Using SQL Pass-Through Queries

Using ODBC to Link External Tables Stored on a Database Server

Using JDBC to Link External Tables Stored on a Database Server

Using Visual Basic for Application(VBA)in Client Applications

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

10 The Internet Database Environment

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Internet and Database Connection

The Internet Environment

Terminology

Communication-Related Terms

Web-Related Terms

Common Internet Architecture Components

Internet-Related Languages

Server-Side Extensions

Web Server Interfaces

Web Servers

Client-Side Extensions

Web-to-Database Tools:ColdFusion and ASP

Active Server Pages(ASP)Example

ColdFusion Example

Embedded SQL

Managing Website Data

Web Security Issues

Planning for Web Security

Network Level Security

Operating System Level Security

Web Server Security

Privacy Issues

Internet Technology Rate-of-Change Issues

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

11 Data Warehousing

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Basic Concepts of Data Warehousing

A Brief History

The Need for Data Warehousing

Need for a Company-Wide View

Need to Separate Operational and Informational Systems

Data Warehouse Architectures

Generic Two-Level Architecture

Independent Data Mart Data Warehousing Environment

Dependent Data Mart and Operational Data Store Architecture

Logical Data Mart and @ctive Warehouse Architecture

Three-Layer Data Architecture

Role of the Enterprise Data Model

Role of Metadata

Some Characteristics of Data Warehouse Data

Status Versus Event Data

Transient Versus Periodic Data

An Example of Transient and Periodic Data

Transient Data

Periodic Data

The Reconciled Data Layer

Characteristics of Data after ETL

The ETL Process

Extract

Cleans

Load and Index

Data Transformation

Data Transformation Functions

Record-Level Functions

Field-Level Functions

More-Complex Transformations

Tools to Support Data Reconciliation

Data Quality Tools

Data Conversion Tools

Data-Cleansing Tools

The Derived Data Layer

Characteristics of Derived Data

The Star Schema

Fact Tables and Dimenion Tables

Example Star Schema

Surrogate Key

Grain of Fact Table

Size of the Fact Table

Modeling Date and Time

Variations of the Star Schema

Multiple Fact Tables

Factless Fact Tables

Normalizing Dimension Tables

Multivalued Dimensions

Hierarchies

Stowly Changing Dimensions

The User Interface

Role of Metadata

Querying Tools

On-Line Analytical Processing(OLAP)Tools

Slicing a Cube

Drill-Down

Data-Mining Tools

Data-Mining Techniques

Data-Mining Applicatons

Data Visualization

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Further Reading

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

Part V Advanced Database Topics

PART V OVERVIEW

12 Data and Database Administration

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Roles of Data and Database Administrators

Traditional Data Administration

Traditional Database Administration

Evolving Approaches to Data and Database Administration

Evolving Approaches to Data Administration

Data Warehouse Administration

Modeling Enterprise Data

Planning for Database

Managing Data Security

Threats to Data Security

Views

Integrity Controls

Authorization Rules

User-Defined Procedures

Encryption

Authentication Schemes

Backing Up Databases

Basic Recovery Facilities

Backup Facilities

Journalizing Facilities

Checkpoint Facility

Recovery Manager

Recovery and Restart Procedures

Switch

Restore/Rerun

Transaction Integrity

Backward Recovery

Forward Recovery

Types of Database Failure

Aborted Transactions

Incorrect Data

System Failure

Database Destruction

Controlling Concurrent Access

The Problem of Lost Updates

Serializability

Locking Mechanisms

Locking Level

Types of Locks

Deadlock

Managing Deadlock

Versioning

Managing Data Quality

Security Policy and Disaster Recovery

Personnel Controls

Physical Access Controls

Maintenance Controls

Data Protection and Repositories

Data Dictionaries and Repositories

Repositories

Overview of Tuning the Database for Performance

Installation of the DBMS

Memory Usage

Input/Output(I/O)Contention

CPU Usage

Application Tuning

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

13 Distributed Databases

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Unified Modeling Language

Object-Oriented Data Modeling

Representing Objects and Classes

Types of Operations

Representing Associations

Representing Association Classes

Representing Derived Attributes,Derived Associations,and Derived Roles

Representing Generalization

Interpreting Inheritance and Overriding

Representing Multiple Inheritance

Representing Aggregation

Business Rules

OBJECT MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

15 Object-Oriented DatabaseDevelopment

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Object Definition Language

Defining a Class

Defining an Attribute

Defining User Structures

Defining Operations

Defining a Range for an Attribute

Defining Relationships

Defining an Attribute with an Object Identifier as Its Value

Defining Many-to-Many Relationships,Keys,and Multivalued Attributes

Defining Generalization

Defining an Abstract Class

Defining Other User Structures

OODB DESIGN FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY

Creating Object Instances

Object Query Language

Basic Retrieval Command

Including Operations in Select Clause

Finding Distinct Values

Querying Multiple Classes

Writing Subqueries

Calculating Summary Values

Calculating Group Summary Values

Qualifying Groups

Using a Set in a Query

Sumary of OQL

Current ODMS Products and Their Applications

Summary

Chapter Review

Key Terms

Review Questions

Problems and Exercises

Field Exercises

References

Web Resources

Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital

Appendix A E-R Modeling Tools and Notation

Comparing E-R Modeling Conventions

Visible Analyst Notation

Palatinum ERwin (CASE Tool)Notation

Microsoft Access 2000 Notation

Oracle Designer Notation

Comparison of Tool Interfaces and E-R Diagrams

Appendix B Advanced Normal Forms

Boyce-Codd Normal Form

Anomalies in STUDENT_ADVISOR

Definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form(BCNF)

Converting a Relation to BCNF

Fourth Normal Form

Multivalued Dependencies

Higher Normal Forms

References

Appendix C Data Structures

Pointers

Data Structure Building Blocks

Linear Data Structures

Stacks

Queues

Sorted Lists

Multilists

Hazards of Chain Structures

Trees

Balanced Trees

Reference

Appendix D Object-Relational Databases

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Features of an ORDBMS

Complex Data Types

Enhanced SQL

A Simple Example

Content Addressing

Advantages of the Object-Relational Approach

ORDBMS Vendors and Products

References

Web Resources

Glossary of Acronyms

Glossary of Terms

Credits

Index