网络管理：原理与实践

CONTENTS

PART 1 Background 1

Chapter 1 Data Communications and Network Management Overview 3

1.1 Analogy of Telephone Network Management 4

1.2 Data (Computer) and Telecommunication Network 7

1.3 Distributed Computing Environments 12

1.4 TCP/IP--Based Networks: The Internet and intranets 16

1.5 Communications Protocols and Standards 20

　　1.5.1 Communication Architectures 21

　　1.5.2 Protocol Layers and Services 26

1.6 Case Histories of Networking and Management 32

　　1.6.1 Case History l: The Importance of Topology ("The Case of the Footprint") 32

　　1.6.2 Case History 2: Filtering Does Not Reduce Load on Node 33

　　1.6.3 Some Common Network Problems 35

1.7 Challenges of information Technology Managers 35

1.8 Network Management: Goals, Organization, and Functions 40

　　1.8.1 Goal of Network Management 40

　　1.8.2 Network Provisioning 42

　　1.8.3 Network Operations and the DOC 42

　　1.8.4 Network Installation and Maintenance 44

1.9 Network and System Management 44

1.10 Network Management System Platform 48

1.11 Current Status and Future of Network Management 48

Chapter 2 Review of Computer Network T6chnology 55

2.1 Network Topology 56

2.2 Local Area Networks 59

　　2.2.1 Ethernet 60

　　2.2.2 Fast Ethernet 62

　　2.2.3 Gigabit Ethernet 62

　　2.2.4 Full-Duplex Ethernets 66

　　2.2.5 Switched Ethernet 67

　　2.2.6 Virtual LANs 68

　　2.2.7 Token Ring 69

　　2.2.8 Fiber Distributed Data interface 72

2.3 Network Node Components 73

　　2.3.1 Hubs 74

　　2.3.2 Bridges 75

　　2.3.3 Remote Bridges 78

　　2.3.4 Transparent Bridges 78

　　2.3.5 Source Routing Bridges 80

　　2.3.6 Routers 80

　　2.3.7 Gateways and Protocol Converters 82

　　2.3.8 Multiprotocol Routers and Tunneling 84

　　2.3.9 Half-Bridge Configuration of Routers 84

　　2.3.10 Switches 85

2.4 Wide Area Networks 87

2.5 Transmission Technology 88

　　2.5.1 Wired Transmission 89

　　2.5.2 Wireless Transmission Media 90

　　2.5.3 Transmission Modes 90

2.6 Integrated Services: ISDN, Frame Relay, and Broadband 93

PART 2 SNAP, Broadband, and TAN Management 99

Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models. and Language 101

3.1 Network Management Standards 103

3.2 Network Management Model 105

3.3 Organization Model 107

3.4 Information Model 109

　　3.4.1 Management information Trees 11 1

　　3.4.2 Managed Object Perspectives 112

3.5 Communication Model 116

3.6 Abstract Syntax Notation One: ASN.1 117

　　3.6.1 Terminology, Symbols, and Conventions 118

　　3.6.2 Objects and Data Types 123

　　3.6.3 Object Names 129

　　3.6.4 An Example of ASN.1 from ISO 8824 130

3.7 Encoding Structure 132

3.8 Macros 133

3.9 Functional Model 135

Chapter 4 SNMPv1 Network Management: Organization and Information Models 141

4.1 Managed Network: Case Histories and Examples 143

4.2 The History of SNMP Management 148

4.3 Internet Organizations and Standards 149

　　4.3.1 Organizations 149

　　4.3.2 Internet Documents 149

4.4 The SAMP Model 152

4.5 The Organization Model 152

4.6 System Overview 155

4.7 The information Model 157

　　4.7.1 Introduction 157

　　4.7.2 The Structure of Management information 158

　　4.7.3 Managed Objects 167

　　4.7.4 Management information Base IS0

Chapter 5 SNMPv1 N6tWork Management: Corn Communication and Functional Models 203

5.1 The SNMP Communication Model 203

　　5.1.1 The SNMP Architecture 204

　　5.1.2 The Administrative Model 204

　　5.1.3 SNMP Protocol Specifications 208

　　5.1.4 SNMP Operations 211

　　5.1.5 The SAMP MIB Group 222

5.2 Functional Model 225

Chapter 6 SNW Management: SNWPv2 229

6.1 Major Changes in SNMPv2 230

6.2 SNMPv2 System Architecture 231

6.3 SNMPv2 Structure of Management information 233

　　6.3.1 SMI Definitions for SNMPv2 236

　　6.3.2 Information Modules 236

　　6.3.3 SNMP Keywords 238

　　6.3.4 Module Definitions 240

　　6.3.5 Object Definitions 241

　　6.3.6 Textual Conventions 247

　　6.3.7 Creation and Deletion of Rows in Tables 252

　　6.3.8 Notification Definitions 256

　　6.3.9 Conformance Statements 256

6.4 The SNMPv2 Management information Base 262

　　6.4.1 Changes to the System Group in SNMPv2 263

　　6.4.2 Changes to the SNMP Group in SNMPv2 264

　　6.4.3 Information for Notification in SNMPv2 166

　　6.4.4 Conformance information in SNMPv2 268

　　6.4.5 Expanded Internet MIB-II 268

6.5 SNMPv2 Protocol 269

　　6.5.1 The Data Structure of SNMPv2 PDUs 269

　　6.5.2 SNMPv2 Protocol Operations 27:

6.6 Compatibility with SNMPv1 277

　　6.6.1 The Bilingual Manager 277

　　6.6.2 The SNMP Proxy Server 278

Chapter 7 SNMP Management: SNMPv3 283

7.l SNMPv3 Documentation 284

7.2 SNMPv3 Documentation Architecture 285

7.3 Architecture 287

　　7.3.1 Elements of an Entity 287

　　7.3.2 Names 289

　　7.3.3 Abstract Service Interfaces 290

7.4 SNMPv3 Applications 292

　　7.4.1 The Command Generator 293

　　7.4.2 The Command Responder 294

　　7.4.3 The Notification Originator 296

　　7.4.4 The Notification Receiver 296

　　7.4.5 The Proxy Forwarder 296

7.5 SNMPv3 Management information Base 296

7.6 Security 300

　　7.6.l Security Threats 300

　　7.6.2 Security Model 301

　　7.6.3 Message Format 303

7.7 SNMPv3 User-Based Security Model 305

　　7.7.1 Authentication Protocols 308

　　7.7.2 Encryption Protocol 310

7.8 Access Control 311

　　7.8.1 Elements of the Model 311

　　7.8.2 The VACM Process 312

　　7.8.3 A VACM MIB 314

Chapter 8 SNMP Management: RMON 321

8.1 What is Remote Monitoring7 322

8.2 RMON SMI and MIB 323

8.3 RMON1 325

　　8.3.1 RMON1 Textual Conventions 325

　　8.3.2 RMON1 Groups and Functions 326

　　8.3.3 Relationship Between Control and Data Tables 329

　　8.3.4 RMON1 Common and Ethernet Groups 329

　　8.3.5 RMON Token Ring Extension Groups 333

8.4 RMONZ 334

　　8.4.1 The RMON2 Management information Base 335

　　8.4.2 RMON2 Conformance Specifications 337

8.5 ATM Remote Monitoring 338

8.6 A Case Study of Internet Traffic Using RMON 341

Chapter 9 Broadband Network management: ATM Networks 345

9.1 Broadband Networks and Services 345

9.2 ATM Technology 348

　　9.2.1 Virtual Path--Virtual Circuit 349

　　9.2.2 ATM Packet Size 351

　　9.2.3 Integrated Service 351

　　9.2.4 WAN/SONET 352

　　9.2.5 ATM LAN Emulation 352

　　9.2.6 Virtual LAN 356

9.3 ATM Network Management 358

　　9.3.1 The ATM Network Reference Model 358

　　9.3.2 The Integrated Local Management interface 359

　　9.3.3 The ATM Management information Base 361

　　9.3.4 The Role of SNMP and ILMI in ATM Management 361

　　9.3.5 MI Interface: Management of ATM Network Element 364

　　9.3.6 M2 Interface: Management of Private Networks 366

　　9.3.7 M3 Interface: Customer Network Management of Public Networks 368

　　9.3.8 M4 Interface: Public Network Management 372

　　9.3.9 Management of LAN Emulation 381

　　9.3.10 ATM Digital Exchange interface Management 383

Chapter 10 Broadband Network Management 387

10.1 Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 388

　　10.1.1 Broadband Access Networks 388

　　10.1.2 Broadband Access Technology 390

10.2 HFC Technology 391

　　10.2.1 The Broadband LAN 393

　　10.2.2 The Cable Modem 394

　　10.2.3 The Cable Modem Termination System 397

　　10.2.4 The HFC Plant 397

　　10.2.5 The RF Spectrum for Cable Modem 397

10.3 Data Over Cable Reference Architecture 399

10.4 HFC Management 401

　　10.4.1 Cable Modem and CMTS Management 402

　　10.4.2 HFC Link Management 407

　　10.4.3 RF Spectrum Management 407

10.5 DSL Technology 405

10.6 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Technology 409

　　10.6.1 Role of the ADSL Access Network in an Overall Network 411

　　10.6.2 ADSL Architecture 413

　　10.6.3 ADSL Channeling Schemes 414

　　10.6.4 ADSL Encoding Schemes 415

10.7 ADSL Management 415

　　10.7.1 ADSL Network Management Elements 417

　　10.7.2 ADSL Configuration Management 417

　　10.7.3 ADSL Fault Management 419

　　10.7.4 ADSL Performance Management 420

　　10.7.5 SNMP-Based ADSL Line MIB 420

　　10.7.6 MIB Integration with Interfaces Groups in MIB-2 422

　　10.7.7 ADSL Configuration Profiles 423

Chapter 11 Telecommunications Management Network 429

11.1 Why TMN? 430

11.2 Operations Systems 431

11.3 TMN Conceptual Model 433

11.4 TMN Standards 435

11.5 TMN Architecture 438

　　11.5.1 Functional Architecture 438

　　11.5.2 Physical Architecture 441

　　11.5.3 Information Architecture 442

11.6 TMN Management Service Architecture 443

11.7 An integrated View of TMN 445

11.8 Implementation Issues 446

PART 3 Management Tools, Systems, and Applications 453

Chapter 12 Network Management Tools and Systems 455

12.1 Network Management Tools 457

　　12.1.1 Tools Catalog 457

　　12.l.2 Bit Error Rate Tester 461

　　12.1.3 Basic Software Tools 462

　　12.l.4 SAMP MIB Tools 469

　　12.1.5 The Protocol Analyzer 472

12.2 Network Statistics Measurement Systems 474

　　12.2.1 Traffic Load Monitoring 475

　　12.2.2 Protocol Statistics 475

　　12.2.3 Data and Error Statistics 477

　　12.2.4 Using MRTG to Collect Traffic Statistics 477

12.3 History of Enterprise Management 479

12.4 Network Management Systems 480

　　12.4.1 Functional Components 480

　　12.4.2 Multiple NMS Configuration 482

　　12.4.3 Network Management System Requirements 483

12.5 Commercial Network Management Systems 488

　　12.5.1 Hewlett-Packard's OpenView Network Node Manager 489

　　12.5.2 Cabletron's Spectrum Platform 490

　　12.5.3 Sun Network Management Systems Family 493

12.6 System Management 494

　　12.6.1 High-End System Management 495

　　12.6.2 Low-End System Management 495

12.7 Enterprise Management Solutions 496

　　12.7.1 Computer Associates Unicenter TNG 496

　　12.7.2 Tivoli Enterprise Manager 497

Chapter 13 Network Management Applications 501

13.1 Configuration Management 504

　　13.1.1 Network Provisioning 505

　　13.l.2 Inventory Management 506

　　13.l.3 Network Topology 506

13.2 Fault Management 509

　　13.2.1 Fault Detection 510

　　13.2.2 Fault Location and Isolation Techniques 510

13.3 Performance Management 510

　　13.3.1 Performance Metrics 511

　　13.3.2 Data Monitoring 512

　　13.3.3 Problem Isolation 513

　　13.3.4 Performance Statistics 513

13.4 Event Correlation Techniques 514

　　13.4.1 Rule-Based Re