流体力学（第5版）

《流体力学(第5版)(英文影印版)》

about the dvd xvii

preface xix

companion website xx

acknowledgments xxi

nomenclature xxii

1. introduction

1.1. fluid mechanics

1.2. units of measurement

1.3. solids, liquids, and gases

1.4. continuum hypothesis

1.5. molecular transport phenomena

1.6. surface tension

1.7. fluid statics

1.8. classical thermodynamics

first law of thermodynamics

equations of state

specific heats

second law of thermodynamics

property relations

speed of sound

thermal expansion coefficient

1.9. perfect gas

1.10. stability of stratified fluid media

potential temperature and density

scale height of the atmosphere

1.11. dimensional analysis

step 1. select variables and parameters

step 2. create the dimensional matrix

step 3. determine the rank of the dimensional matrix

step 4. determine the number of dimensionless groups

step 5. construct the dimensionless groups

step 6. state the dimensionless relationship

step 7. use physical reasoning or additional knowledge to simplify the imensionlesselationship

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

2. cartesian tensors

2.1. scalars, vectors, tensors, notation

2.2. rotation of axes: formal definition of a vector

2.3. multiplication of matrices

2.4. second-ordertensors

2.5. contraction and multiplication

2.6. force on a surface

2.7. kronecker delta and altemating tensor

2.8. vector, dot, and cross products

2.9. gradient, divergence, and curl

2.10. symmetric and antisymmetric tensors

2.11. eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric tensor

2.12. gauss' theorem

2.13. stokes'theorem

2.14. comma notation

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

3. kinematics

3.1. introduction and coordinate systems

3.2. particle and field descriptions of fluid motion

3.3. flow lines, fluid acceleration, and galilean transformation

3.4. strain and rotation rates

summary

3.5. kinematics of simple plane flows

3.6. reynolds transport theorem

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

4. conservation laws

4.1. introduction

4.2. conservation of mass

4.3. stream functions

4.4. conservation of momentum

4.5. constitutive equation for a newtonian fluid

4.6. navier-stokes momentum equation

4.7. noninertial frame of reference

4.8. conservation of energy

4.9. special forms of the equations

angular momentum principle for a stationary control volume

bemoulli equations

neglect of gravity in constant density flows

the boussinesq approximation

summary

4.10. boundary conditions

moving and deforming boundaries

surface tension revisited

4.11. dimensionless forms of the equations and dynamic similarity

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

5. vorticity dynamics

5.1. introduction

5.2. kelvin's circulation theorem

5.3. helmholtz's vortex theorems

5.4. vorticity equation in a nonrotating frame

5.5. velocity induced by a vortex filament: law

of blot and savart

5.6. vorticity equation in a rotating frame

5.7. interaction of vortices

5.8. vortex sheet

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

6. ideal flow

6.1. relevance of irrotational constant-density flow theory

6.2. two. dimensional stream function and velocity potential

6.3. construction of elementary flows in two dimensions

6.4. complex potential

6.5. forces on a two-dimensional body

blasius theorem

kutta-zhukhovsky lift theorem

6.6. conformal mapping

6.7. numerical solution techniques in two dimensions

6.8. axisymmetric ideal flow

6.9. three-dimensional potential flow and apparent mass

6.10. concluding remarks

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

7. gravity waves

7.1. introduction

7.2. linear liquid-surface gravity waves

approximations for deep and shallow water

7.3. influence of surface tension

7.4. standing waves

7.5. group velocity, energy flux, and dispersion

7.6. nonlinear waves in shallow and deep water

7.7. waves on a density interface

7.8. internal waves in a continuously stratified fluid

internal waves in a stratified fluid

dispersion of internal waves in a stratified fluid

energy considerations for internal waves in a stratified fluid

exercises

literature cited

8. laminar flow

8.1. introduction

8.2. exact solutions for steady incompressible viscous flow

steady flow between parallel plates

steady flow in a round tube

steady flow between concentric rotating cylinders

8.3. elementary lubrication theory

8.4. similarity solutions for unsteady incompressible viscous flow

8.5. flow due to an oscillating plate

8.6. low reynolds number viscous flow past a sphere

8.7. final remarks

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

9. boundary layers and related topics

9.1. introduction

9.2. boundary-layer thickness definitions

9.3. boundary layer on a flat plate: blasius solution

9.4. falkner-skan similarity solutions of the laminar boundary-layer equations

9.5. von karman momentum integral equation

9.6. thwaites' method

9.7. transition, pressure gradients,

and boundary-layer separation

9.8. flow past a circular cylinder

low reynolds numbers

moderate reynolds numbers

high reynolds numbers

9.9. flow past a sphere and the dynamics of sports balls

cricket ball dynamics

tennis ball dynamics

baseball dynamics

9.10. two-dimensional jets

9.11. secondary flows

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

10. computational fluid dynamics

howard h. hu

10.1. introduction

10.2. finite-differencemethod

approximation to derivatives

discretization and its accuracy

convergence, consistency, and stability

10.3. finite-elementmethod

weak or variational form of partial differential equations

galerkin's approximation and finite- element interpolations

matrix equations, comparison with

finite-difference method

element point of view of the finite- element method

10.4. incompressible viscous fluid flow

convection-dominated problems

incompressibility condition

explicit maccormack scheme

mac scheme

~-scheme

mixed finite-element formulation

10.5. three examples

explicit maccormack scheme for driven-cavity flow problem

explicit maccormack scheme for flow over a square block

finite-element formulation for

flow over a cylinder confined in

a channel

10.6. concluding remarks

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

11. instability

11.1. introduction

11.2. method of normal modes

11.3. kelvin-helmholtzlnstability

11.4. thermal instability: the b~nard problem

11.5. double-diffusive instability

11.6. centrifugal instability: taylor problem

11.7. instability of continuously stratified parallel flows

11.8. squire's theorem and the orr-sommeffeld equation

11.9. inviscid stability of parallel flows

11.10. results for parallel and nearly parallel viscous flows

two-stream shear layer

plane poiseuille flow

plane couette flow

pipe flow

boundary layers with pressure gradients

11.11. experimental verification of boundary-layer instability

11.12. comments on nonlinear effects

11.13. transition

11.14. deterministic chaos

closure

exercises

literature cited

12. turbulence

12.1. introduction

12.2. historical notes

12.3. nomenclature and statistica for turbulent flow

12.4. correlations and spectra

12.5. averaged equations of motion

12.6. homogeneous isotropic turbulence

12.7. turbulent energy cascade and spectrum

12.8. free turbulent shear flows

12.9. wall-bounded turbulent shear flows

inner layer: law of the wall

outer layer: velocity defect law

overlap layer: logarithmic law

rough surfaces

12.10. turbulence modeling

a mixing length model

one-equation models

two-equation models

12.11. turbulence in a stratified medium

the richardson numbers

monin-obukhov length

spectrum of temperature fluctuations

12.12. taylor's theory of turbulent dispersion

rate of dispersion of a single particle

random walk

behavior of a smoke plume in the wind

turbulent diffusivity

12.13. concluding remarks

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

13. geophysical fluid dynamics

13.1. introduction

13.2. vertical variation of density in the atmosphere and ocean

13.3. equations of motion

13.4. approximate equations for a thin layer on

a rotating sphere

f-plane model

/~-plane model

13.5. geostrophicflow

thermal wind

taylor-proudman theorem

13.6. ekman layer at a free surface

explanation in terms of vortex tilting

13.7. ekman layer on a rigid surface

13.8. shallow-waterequations

13.9. normal modes in a continuously stratified layer

boundary conditions on ~

vertical mode solution for uniform n

summary

13.t0. high- and low-frequency regimes in shallow-water equations

13.11. gravity waves with rotation

particle orbit

inertial motion

13.12. kelvin wave

13.13. potential vorticity conservation in

shallow~water theory

13.14. intemal waves

wkb solution

particle orbit

discussion of the dispersion relation

lee wave

13.15. rossby wave

quasi~geostrophic vorticity equation

dispersion relation

13.16. barotropicinstabitity

13.17. barocliniclnstability

perturbation vorticity equation

wave solution

instability criterion

energetics

13.18. geostrophicturbulence

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

14. aerodynamics

14.1. introduction

14.2. aircraft terminology

control surfaces

14.3. characteristics of airfoil sections

historical notes

14.4. conformal transformation for generating airfoil shapes

14.5. lift of a zhukhovsky airfoil

14.6. elementary lifting line theory for wings of finite span

lanchester versus prandtl

14.7. lift and drag characteristics of airfoils

14.8. propulsive mechanisms of fish and birds

14.9. sailing against the wind

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

15. compressible flow

15.1. introduction

perfect gas thermodynamic relations

15.2. acoustics

15.3. basic equations for one-dimensional flow

15.4. reference properties in compressible flow

15.5. area-velocity relationship in one-dimensional isentropic flow

15.6. normal shock waves

stationary normal shock wave in a moving medium

moving normal shock wave in a stationary medium

normal shock structure

15.7. operation of nozzles at different back pressures

convergent nozzle

convergent-divergent nozzle

15.8. effects of friction and heating in constant-area ducts

effect of friction

effect of heat transfer

15.9. pressure waves in planar compressible flow

15.10. thin airfoil theory in supersonic flow

exercises

literature cited

supplemental reading

16. introduction to biofluid mechanics

portonovo s, ayyaswamy

16.1. introduction

16.2. the circulatory system in the human body

the heart as a pump

nature of blood

nature of blood vessels

16.3. modeling of flow in blood vessels

steady blood flow theory

pulsatile blood flow theory

blood vessel bifurcation: an application of poiseuille's formula and murray's law

flow in a rigid-walled curved tube

flow in collapsible tubes

laminar flow of a casson fluid in a rigid-walled tube

pulmonary circulation

the pressure pulse curve in the right ventricle

effect of pulmonary arterial pressure on pulmonary resistance

16.4. introduction to the fluid mechanics of plants

exercises

acknowledgment

literature cited

supplemental reading

appendix a

appendix b

appendix c

appendix d

index