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1 A Quick Tour
1.1 Getting Started
1.2 Variables
1.3 Comments in Code
1.4 Named Constants
1.5 Unicode Characters
1.6 Flow of Control
1.7 Classes and Objects
1.7.1 Creating Objects
1.7.2 Static or Class Fields
1.7.3 The Garbage Collector
1.8 Methods and Parameters
1.8.1 Invoking a Method
1.8.2 The this Reference
1.8.3 Static or Class Methods
1.9 Arrays
1.10 String Objects
1.11 Extending a Class
1.11.1 Invoking Methods from the Superclass
1.11.2 The object Class
1.11.3 Type Casting
1.12 Interfaces
1.13 Exceptions
1.14 Packages
1.15 The Java Platform
1.16 Other Topics Briefly Noted
2 Classes and Objects
2.1 A Simple Class
2.1.1 Classs Members
2.1.2 Class Modifiers
2.2 Fields
2.2.1 Field Initialization
2.2.2 Static Fields
2.2.3 final Fields
2.3 Access Control
2.4 Creating Objects
2.5 Construction and Initialization
2.5.1 Constructors
2.5.2 Initialization Blocks
2.5.3 Static Initialization
2.6 Methods
2.6.1 Static Methods
2.6.2 Method Invocations
2.6.3 Method Execution and Return
2.6.4 Parameter Values
2.6.5 Using Methods to Control Access
2.7 this
2.8 Overloading Methods
2.9 The main Method
2.10 Native Methods
3 Extending Classes
3.1 An Extended Class
3.2 Constructors in Extended Classes
3.2.1 Constructor Order Dependencies
3.3 Inheriting and Redefining Members
3.3.1 Overriding
3.3.2 Hiding Fields
3.3.3 Accessing Inherited Members
3.3.4 Accessibility and Overriding
3.3.5 Hiding Static Members
3.3.6 The super Keyword
3.4 Type Compatibility and Conversion
3.4.1 Compatibility
3.4.2 Explicit Type Casting
3.4.3 Testing for Type
3.5 What protected Really Means
3.6 Marking Methods and Classes final
3.7 Abstract Classes and Methods
3.8 The object Class
3.9 Cloning Objects
3.9.1 Strategies for Cloning
3.9.2 Correct Cloning
3.9.3 Shallow versus Deep Cloning
3.10 Extending Classes:How and When
3.11 Designing a Class to Be Extended
3.11.1 Designing an Extensible Framework
3.12 Single Inheritance versus Multiple Inheritance
4 Interfaces
4.1 A Simple Interface Example
4.2 Interface Declarations
4.2.1 Interface Constants
4.2.2 Interface Methods
4.2.3 Interface Modifiers
4.3 Extending Interfaces
4.3.1 Inheriting and Hiding Constants
4.3.2 Inheriting,Overriding,and Overloading Methods
4.4 Working with Interfaces
4.4.1 Implementing Interfaces
4.4.2 Using an Implementation
4.5 Marker Interfaces
4.6 When to Use Interfaces
5 Nested Classes and Interfaces
5.1 Static Nested Types
5.1.1 Static Nested Classes
5.1.2 Nested Interfaces
5.2 Inner Classes
5.2.1 Accessing Enclosing Objects
5.2.2 Extending Inner Classes
5.2.3 Inheritance,Scoping,and Hiding
5.3 Local Inner Classes
5.4 Anonymous Inner Classes
5.5 Inheriting Nested Types
5.6 Nesting in Interfaces
5.6.1 Modifiable Variables in Interfaces
5.7 Implementation of Nested Types
6 Tokens,Operators,and Expressions
6.1 Lexical Elements
6.1.1 Character Set
6.1.2 Comments
6.1.3 Tokens
6.1.4 Identifiers
6.1.5 Keywords
6.2 Types and Literals
6.2.1 Reference Literals
6.2.2 Boolean Literals
6.2.3 Character Literals
6.2.4 Integer Literals
6.2.5 Floating-Point Literals
6.2.6 String Literals
6.2.7 Class Literals
6.3 Variables
6.3.1 Field and Local Variable Declarations
6.3.2 Parameter Variables
6.3.3 final Variables
6.4 Array Variables
6.4.1 Array Modifiers
6.4.2 Arrays of Arrays
6.4.3 Array Initialization
6.4.4 Arrays and Types
6.5 The Matnings of Names
6.6 Arithmetic Operations
6.6.1 Integer Arithmetic
6.6.2 Floating-Point Arithmetic
6.6.3 Strict and non-Strict Floating-Point Arithmetic
6.7 General Operators
6.7.1 Increment and Decrement Operators
6.7.2 Relational and Equality Operators
6.7.3 Logical Operators
6.7.4 instanceof
6.7.5 Bit Manipulation Operators
6.7.6 The Conditional Operator?:
6.7.7 Assignment zoperators
6.7.8 String Concatenation Operator
6.7.9 new
6.8 Expressions
6.8.1 Order of Evaluation
6.8.2 Expression Type
6.8.3 Implicit Type Conversions
6.8.4 Explicit Type Casts
6.8.5 String Conversions
6.9 Member Access
6.9.1 Finding the Right Method
6.10 Operator Precedence and Associativity
7 Control Flow
7.1 Statements and Blocks
7.2 if-else
7.3 switch
7.4 while and do-while
7.5 for
7.6 Labels
7.7 break
7.8 continue
7.9 return
7.10 What,No goto?
8 Exceptions
8.1 Creating Exception Types
8.2 throw
8.2.1 Transfer of Control
8.2.2 Asynchronous Exceptions
8.3 The throws Clause
8.3.1 throws Clauses and Method Overriding
8.3.2 throws Clauses and Native Methods
8.4 try,catch,and finally
8.4.1 finally
8.5 When to Use Exceptions
9 Strings
9.1 Basic String Operations
9.2 String Comparisons
9.2.1 String Literal Equivalence
9.3 Utility Methods
9.4 Making Related Strings
9.5 String Conversions
9.6 Strings and char Arrays
9.7 Strings and byte Arrays
9.7.1 Character Encodings
9.8 The StringBuffer Class
9.8.1 Modifying the Buffer
9.8.2 Getting Data Out
9.8.3 Capacity Management
10 Threads
10.1 Creating Threads
10.2 Using Runnable
10.3 Synchronization
10.3.1 synchronized Methods
10.3.2 Static Synchronized Methods
10.3.3 synchronized Statements
10.3.4 Synchronization Designs
10.4 wait,notifyAll,and notify
10.5 Details of Waiting and Notification
10.6 Thread Scheduling
10.6.1 Voluntary Rescheduling
10.7 Deadlocks
10.8 ending Thread Execution
10.8.1 Cancelling a Thread
10.8.2 Waiting for a Thread to Complete
10.9 Ending Application Execution
10.10 volatile
10.11 Thread Management,Security and Threadgroup
10.12 Threads and Exceptions
10.12.1 Don't stop
10.13 Threadlocal Variables
10.14 Debugging Threads
11 Programming with Types
11.1 Wrapper Classes
11.1.1 void
11.1.2 Boolean
11.1.3 Character
11.1.4 Number
11.1.5 The Integer Wrappers
11.1.6 The Floating-Point Wrapper Classes
11.2 Reflection
11.2.1 The Class class
11.2.2 Naming Classes
11.2.3 Examining Class Members
11.2.4 The Modifier Class
11.2.5 The Field Class
11.2.6 The Method Class
11.2.7 Creating New Objects and the Constructor Class
11.2.8 Access Checking and Accessibleobject
11.2.9 Arrays
11.2.10 Packages
11.2.11 The Proxy Class
11.3 Loading Classes
11.3.1 The Classloader Class
11.3.2 Preparing a Class for use
11.3.3 Loading Related Resources
12 Garbage Collection and Memory
12.1 Garbage Collection
12.2 A Simple Model
12.3 Fonalization
12.3.1 Resurrecting Objects during finalize
12.4 Interacting with the Garbage Collector
12.5 Reachability States and Reference Objects
12.5.1 The Reference Class
12.5.2 Strengths of Reference and Reachability
12.5.3 Reference Queues
13 Packages
13.1 Package Naming
13.2 Type Imports
13.3 Package Access
13.3.1 Accessibility and Overriding Methods
13.4 Package Contents
13.5 Package Objects and Specifications
14 Documentation Comments
14.1 The Anatomy of a Doc Comment
14.2 Tags
14.2.1 @see
14.2.2 {@link}
14.2.3 @param
14.2.4 @return
14.2.5 @throws and @exception
14.2.6 @deprecated
14.2.7 @author
14.2.8 @version
14.2.9 @since
14.2.10 {@docRoot}
14.3 An Example
14.4 External Conventions
14.4.1 Overview and Package Documentation
14.4.2 The doc-files Directory
14.5 Notes on Usage
15 The I/O Package
15.1 Byte Streams
15.1.1 Inputstream
15.1.2 Outputstream
15.2 Character Streams
15.2.1 rReader
15.2.2 Writer
15.2.3 Character Streams and the Standard Streams
15.3 InputstreamReader and OutputStreamWriter
15.4 A Quick Tour of The Stream Classes
15.4.1 Synchronization and Concurrency
15.4.2 Filter Streams
15.4.3 Buffered Streams
15.4.4 Piped Streams
15.4.5 ByteArray Byte Streams
15.4.6 CharArray Character Streams
15.4.7 String Character Streams
15.4.8 Print Streams
15.4.9 LineNumberReader
15.4.10 SequenceInputstream
15.4.11 Pushback Streams
15.4.12 StreamTokenizer
15.5 The Data Byte Streams
15.5.1 DataInput and DataOutput
15.5.2 The Data Stream Classes
15.6 Working with Files
15.6.1 File Streams and FileDescriptor
15.6.2 RandomAccessfile
15.6.3 The File Class
15.6.4 FilenameFilter and FileFilter
15.7 Object Serialization
15.7.1 The Object Byte Streams
15.7.2 Making Your Classes Serializable
15.7.3 Serialization and Deserialization Order
15.7.4 Customized Serialization
15.7.5 Object Versioning
15.7.6 Serialized Fields
15.7.7 The Externalizable Interface
15.7.8 Documentation Comment Tags
15.8 The IOException Classes
16 Collections
16.1 Collections
16.1.1 Exception Conventions
16.2 Iteration
16.3 Ordering using Comparable and Comparator
16.4 The Collection Interface
16.5 Set and Sortedset
16.5.1 Hashset
16.5.2 TreeSet
16.6 List
16.6.1 ArrayList
16.6.2 LinkedList
16.7 Map and SortedMap
16.7.1 HashMap
16.7.2 TreeMap
16.7.3 WeakHashMap
16.8 Wrapped Collections Class
16.8.1 The Synchronization Wrappers
16.8.2 The Unmodifiable Wrappers
16.8.3 The Collections Utlities
16.9 The Arrays Utility Class
16.10 Writing Iterator Implementations
16.11 Writing Collection Implementations
16.12 The Leagcy Collection Types
16.12.1 Enumeration
16.12.2 Vector
16.12.3 stack
16.12.4 Dictionary
16.12.5 Hashtable
16.13 Properties
17 Miscellaneous Utilities
17.1 Bitset
17.2 Observer/Observable
17.3 Random
17.4 StringTokenizer
17.5 Timer and TimerTask
17.6 Math and StrictMath
18 System Programming
18.1 The System Class
18.1.1 Standard I/O Streams
18.1.2 System Properties
18.1.3 Utility Methods
18.2 Creating Processes
18.2.1 The Process Class
18.2.2 Process Environments
18.2.3 Portability
18.3 Shutdown
18.3.1 Shutdown Hooks
18.3.2 The Shutdown Sequence
18.3.3 Shutdown Strategies
18.4 The Rest of the Runtime
18.4.1 Loading Native Code
18.4.2 Debugging
18.5 Security
18.5.1 The SecurityManager Class
18.5.2 Permissions
18.5.3 Security Policies
18.5.4 Access Controllers and Privileged Execution
19 Internationalization and Localization
19.1 Locale
19.2 Resoruce Bundles
19.2.1 ListResourceBundle
19.2.2 PropertyResourceBundle
19.2.3 Subclassing ResourceBundle
19.3 Time,Dates,and Calendars
19.3.1 Calendars
19.3.2 Time Zones
19.3.3 GregorianCalendar and SimpleTimeZone
19.4 Formatting and Parsing Dates and Times
19.5 Internationalization and Localization for Text
19.5.1 Collation
19.5.2 Formatting and Parsing
19.5.3 Text Boundaries
20 Standard Packages
20.1 java.awt-The Abstract Window Toolkit
20.2 java.applet-Applets
20.3 java.beans-Components
20.4 java.math-Mathematics
20.5 java.net-The Network
20.6 java.rmi-Remote Method Invocation
20.7 java.security-Security Tools
20.8 java.sql-Relational Database Access
20.9 Utility Subpackages
20.9.1 Archive Files-java.util.jar
20.9.2 ZIP Files-java.util.zip
20.10 javax.*-Standard Extensions
20.11 javax.accessibility-Accessibility for GUIs
20.12 javax.naming-Directory and Naming Services
20.13 javax.sound-Sound Manipulation
20.14 javax.swing-Swing GUI Components
20.15 org.omg.CORBA-CORBA APIs
A Runtime Exceptions
A.1 RuntimeException Classes
A.2 Error Classes
B Useful Tables
Table 1: Keywords
Table 2: Operator Precedence
Table 3: Unicode Digits
Table 4: Unicode Letters and Digits
Table 5: Special Characters Using\
Table 6: Documentation Comment Tags
Table 7: Unicode Character Blocks
Table 8: Required Character Encodings
Further Reading
Index
