系统分析与设计（英文版第3版）

Contents

PART I　FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT　2

Chapter 1　The Systems Development Environment　2

What Is Information Systems Analysis and Design?　4

Systems Analysis and Design: Core Concepts　4

Systems　6

　Definition of a System and Its Parts　6

　Important System Concepts　7

A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design　10

　Your Role in Systems Development　11

　Outsourcing　12

　Sources of Software　13

Types of Information Systems and Systems Development　17

　Transaction Processing Systems　18

　Management Information Systems　18

　Decision Support Systems　19

　Information Systems: An Overview　19

Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle　20

　Phase 1: Systems Planning and Selection　22

　Phase 2: Systems Analysis　22

　Phase 3: Systems Design　23

　Phase 4: Systems Implementation and Operation　23

Approaches to Development　26

　Prototyping　26

　Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (CASE) Tools　26

　Joint Application Design　27

　Rapid Application Development　27

　Participatory Design　29

　Agile Methodologies　29

Key Points Review　30

Key Terms Checkpoint　31

Review Questions　32

Problems and Exercises　32

Discussion Questions　33

Case Problems　33

Chapter 2　Managing the Information Systems Project　36

Pine Valley Furniture Company Background　38

Managing the Information Systems Project　39

　Initiating the Project　43

　Planning the Project　46

　Executing the Project　52

　Closing Down the Project　54

Representing and Scheduling Project Plans　56

　Representing Project Plans　57

　Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT　58

　Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture　59

Using Project Management Software　62

　Establishing a Project Starting Date　63

　Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships　63

　Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports　64

Key Points Review　65

Key Terms Checkpoint　66

Review Questions　67

Problems and Exercises　67

Discussion Questions　69

Case Problems　69

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Company Background　71

PART II　SYSTEMS PLANNING AND SELECTION　78

Chapter 3　Systems Planning and Selection　78

Identifying and Selecting Projects　80

　The Process of Identifying and Selecting Information Systems Development Projects 80

　Deliverables and Outcomes　83

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects　84

　The Process of Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects　84

　Deliverables and Outcomes　85

Assessing Project Feasibility　86

　Assessing Economic Feasibility　89

　Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns　95

　Building the Baseline Project Plan　96

Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan　100

PVF WebStore: Systems Planning and Selection　104

　Internet Basics　104

　Pine Valley Furniture WebStore　105

Key Points Review　108

Key Terms Checkpoint　109

Review Questions　110

Problems and Exercises　110

Discussion Questions　111

Case Problems　111

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Initiating and Planning a Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System　113

PART III　SYSTEMS ANALYSIS　118

Chapter 4　Determining System Requirements　118

Performing Requirements Determination　120

　The Process of Determining Requirements　120

　Deliverables and Outcomes　121

　Requirements Structuring　122

Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements　122

　Interviewing and Listening　122

　Directly Observing Users　127

　Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents　128

Modern Methods for Determining System Requirements　133

　Joint Application Design　133

　Using Prototyping during Requirements Determination　136

Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements　137

　Identifying Processes to Reengineer　138

　Disruptive Technologies　139

PVF WebStore: Determining System Requirements　139

　System Layout and Navigation Characteristics　140

　WebStore and Site Management System Capabilities　140

　Customer and Inventory Information　141

　System Prototype Evolution　142

Key Points Review　143

Key Terms Checkpoint　143

Review Questions　144

Problems and Exercises　144

Discussion Questions　145

Case Problems　145

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Determining Requirements for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System　146

Chapter 5　Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling　150

Process Modeling　152

　Modeling a System's Process　152

　Deliverables and Outcomes　152

Data-Flow Diagramming Mechanics　153

　Definitions and Symbols　154

　Developing DFDs: An Example　156

　Data-Flow Diagramming Rules　159

　Decomposition of DFDs　160

　Balancing DFDs　162

Using Data-Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process　164

　Guidelines for Drawing DFDs　164

　Using DFDs as Analysis Tools　167

　Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering　167

Logic Modeling　169

　Modeling Logic with Structured English　170

　Modeling Logic with Decision Tables　172

PVF WebStore: Process Modeling　176

　Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore　176

　Logic Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore　177

Key Points Review　180

Key Terms Checkpoint　180

Review Questions　181

Problems and Exercises　182

Discussion Questions　187

Case Problems　187

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Process Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System　189

Chapter 6　Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling　194

Conceptual Data Modeling　196

　The Process of Conceptual Data Modeling　197

　Deliverables and Outcomes　198

Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling　201

Introduction to Entity-Relationship Modeling　202

　Entities　203

　Attributes　204

　Candidate Keys and Identifiers　205

　Multivalued Attributes　206

　Relationships　207

Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model　208

　Degree of a Relationship　208

　Cardinalities in Relationships　209

An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger　212

PVF WebStore: Conceptual Data Modeling　216

　Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore　216

Key Points Review　220

Key Terms Checkpoint　221

Review Questions　222

Problems and Exercises　222

Discussion Questions　225

Case Problems　225

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.Conceptual Data Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System　226

Chapter 7　Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy　230

Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy　232

　The Process of Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy　233

　Deliverables and Outcomes　233

Generating Alternative Design Strategies　234

Issues to Consider in Generating Alternatives　236

　Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software　236

　Hardware and System Software Issues　238

　Implementation Issues　239

Developing Design Strategies for Hoosier Burger's New Inventory Control System　240

Selecting the Most Likely Alternative　242

Updating the Baseline Project Plan　243

　Before and After Baseline Project Plans for Hoosier Burger　245

PVF WebStore: Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy　249

　Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 249

Key Points Review　252

Key Terms Checkpoint　252

Review Questions　253

Problems and Exercises　253

Discussion Questions　254

Case Problems　254

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Formulating a Design Strategy for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System　258

PART IV　SYSTEMS DESIGN　262

Chapter 8　Designing the Human Interface　262

Designing Forms and Reports　264

　The Process of Designing Forms and Reports　264

　Deliverables and Outcomes　266

　Formatting Forms and Reports　267

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues　276

　The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues　276

　Deliverables and Outcomes　276

　Designing Interfaces　277

　Providing Feedback　284

　Designing Dialogues　287

PVF WebStore: Designing the Human Interface　290

　General Guidelines for Designing Web Interfaces　290

　General Guidelines for Web Layouts　292

　Designing the Human Interface at Pine Valley Furniture　293

　Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs　294

　Lightweight Graphics　294

　Forms and Data Integrity　295

　Template-Based HTML　295

Key Points Review　295

Key Terms Checkpoint　296

Review Questions　297

Problems and Exercises　297

Discussion Questions　298

Case Problems　298

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Human Interface for the Customer Relationship Management System　300

Chapter 9　Designing Databases　304

Database Design　306

　The Process of Database Design　306

　Deliverables and Outcomes　309

Relational Database Model　312

　Well-Structured Relations　313

Normalization　313

　Rules of Normalization　314

　Functional Dependence and Primary Keys　314

　Second Normal Form　315

　Third Normal Form　315

Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations　316

　Represent Entities　317

　Represent Relationships　318

　Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations　321

Merging Relations　321

　An Example of Merging Relations　321

　View Integration Problems　322

Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger　323

Physical File and Database Design　326

Designing Fields　327

　Choosing Data Types　327

　Controlling Data Integrity　329

Designing Physical Tables　330

　Arranging Table Rows　333

　Designing Controls for Files　337

Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger　337

PVF WebStore: Designing Databases　339

　Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore　340

Key Points Review　342

Key Terms Checkpoint　344

Review Questions　345

Problems and Exercises　345

Discussion Questions　347

Case Problems　348

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Relational Database for the Customer Relationship Management System　349

PART V SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION　352

Chapter 10　Systems Implementation and Operation　352

Systems Implementation and Operation　354

　The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation　355

　Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation　355

　The Processes of Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users　356

　Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users　357

　The Process of Maintaining Information Systems　357

　Deliverables and Outcomes from Maintaining Information Systems　358

Software Application Testing　359

　Seven Different Types of Tests　359

　The Testing Process　361

　Acceptance Testing by Users　363

Installation　363

　Planning Installation　364

Documenting the System　367

　User Documentation　367

　Preparing User Documentation　369

Training and Supporting Users　370

　Training Information System Users　370

　Supporting Information System Users　373

　Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider　374

Why Implementation Sometimes Fails　374

Project Closedown　376

Conducting Systems Maintenance　377

　Types of Maintenance　377

　The Cost of Maintenance　378

　Measuring Maintenance Effectiveness　379

　Controlling Maintenance Requests　380

　Configuration Management　381

　Role of CASE and Automated Development Tools in Maintenance　382

　Web Site Maintenance　382

Maintaining an Information System at Pine Valley Furniture　383

PVF WebStore: Systems Implementation and Operation　384

　Systems Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore　384

Key Points Review　387

Key Terms Checkpoint　388

Review Questions　390

Problems and Exercises　390

Discussion Questions　391

Case Problems　391

Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing a Testing Plan for the Customer Relationship Management System　392

Appendix A　Object-Oriented Analysis and Design　397

The Object-Oriented Modeling Approach　397

Use-Case Modeling　398

Object Modeling: Class Diagrams　401

　Representing Associations　402

Representing Generalization　405

Representing Aggregation　406

Dynamic Modeling: State Diagrams　407

Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams　408

Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram　410

Moving to Design　411

Key Points Review　413

Key Terms Checkpoint　414

Review Questions　415

Problems and Exercises　415

Appendix B　Agile Methodologies　417

The Trend to Agile Methodologies　417

Agile Methodologies　418

eXtreme Programming　420

The Heart of the Systems Development Process　421

　Requirements Determination　422

　Design Specifications　425

　Implementation　427

Key Points Review　427

Key Terms Checkpoint　428

Review Questions　428

Problems and Exercises　428

References　429

Glossary of Acronyms　435

Glossary of Terms　437

Index　443