面向对象系统分析与设计：英文

PREFACE XIX

Part I Systems Analysis and Conceptual Design

1. INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter Objectives 1

Systems Analysis and Design Has Many Other Names 2

What is a System? 4

What is an Information System? 5

What is an Automated Information System? 7

What are the Basic Characteristics of an Information System? 8

What is Systems Analysis and Design ? 10

What Makes Systems Analysis and Design such a Difficult Human Endeavor? 10

Stakeholders of an Information System 12

Systems Analysis and Design as a Career 13

What does a Systems Analyst Responsible For? 14

What is a Systems Analyst Responsible For? 14

Systems Analysis and Design Skills and Activities 15

General Model of Systems Analysis and Design 17

The Detailed Activities of Analysis and Design 18

Systems Analysis and Design Projects 21

Where do Information Systems Analysis and Design Projects Come From? 22

Information Systems Requirements Specification 23

Information Systems Life Cycle and Information Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLG) 24

Principles to Guide Information Systems Analysis and Design 26

Summary 27

Questions 27

References 28

2. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION 29

Chapter Objectives 29

Feasibility Analysis 30

Feasibility Types, 30

Requirements Determination 33

Problem Domain 35

Frameworks for Understanding and Doing Requirements Determination 37

Requirements Determination sub－Activities,38 The Pieces Framework 38

Kozarˊs Requirements Model 40

Object－Oriented Requirements Determination Modeling Activities 44

Methods Used to Gather an Information System's Requirements 45

Feedback to the User,48 Requirements Ambiguity 49

Summary 51

Questions 52

References 53

3. AN OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY AND MODEL 55

Chapter Objectives 55

Methodologies 55

The Traditional Methodology 56

Structured Analysis and Design Methodology,56 Information Modeling Methodology 58

Object-Oriented Methodology 59

Key Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Methodology 60

Two Classic Problems Resolved with Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 66

Classification Theory 67

Coad's Object-Oriented Methodology 68

Coad's Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology and Notation 68

Coad's Object Model Components,72 An Object-Oriented Model 73

Summary 82

Questions 82

References 83

4. OBJECTS AND CLASSES 86

Chapter Objectives 86

Objects and Classes 87

Object and Class Rules and Guidelines 88

Class Attributes and Services Defined 89

Comment on Object-Oriented Problem Solving Strategy 91

Finding Objects 92

Wirfs-brock Noun Phrase Strategy 92

Wirfs-brock CRC Strategy 94

Conglomeration strategy 94

the Video Store Example-finding Objects 96

A Future Enhancements Strategy 98

Summary 99

Questions 100

References 101

5. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:ATTRIBUTES 102

Chapter Objectives 102

Attributes 103

Determining Attributes 106

Attribute Types 107

Object-Oriented Methodology strategy for Different Attribute Types 109

Object-oriented Strategy for Multivalue Attributes 110

The Video Store Example-Identifying attributes 112

Summary 113

Questions 114

References 115

6. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:CLASS AND OBJECT CONNECTIONS 116

Chapter Objectives 116

"Who'I'Know"Responsibility of an Object 117

Object Patterns 118

Generalization-Specialization Pattern 118

Generalization-Specialization Inheritance 125

Pattern 128

Heuristics for Finding Whole-Part Patterns 134

Object Connection Patterns 136

Video Store Example 144

Summary 147

Questions 147

References 148

7. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:SERVICES AND SCENARIOS 149

Chapter Objectives 149

"What I Do"Responsibility of an Object 150

Business Objectives & Tactics, Information Systems Objectives and Tactics, and Policies and Procedures 150

Types of Services 151

Basic services 151

Problem Domain Specific Services 154

Finding and Identifying Services 159

The Video Store Example-Identifying Services,161 Other Techniques for Identifying Services 162

Service Details 164

Techniques for Documenting and Describing Service Details 164

Scenarios 165

Structured English of Pseudocode 166

Decision Tables and Decision Trees 168

A Decision Table Example 171

A Decision Tree Example 174

State-Transition Diagrams 176

The Video Store Example-Assigning Services to Classes and Message Connections 177

Transition From Systems Analysis to Systems Analysis to Systems Design 180

Summary 181

Questions 182

References 183

Part II Physical Design & Implementation

8. SYSTEMS DESIGN 184

Chapter Objectives 184

Information Systems Design 185

Historical Information Systems Design 185

An Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology 187

Information Systems Design strategy Choices 187

Object-Oriented Design 193

Alternative Object-Oriented Information Systems Development Strategies 202

Summary 203

Questions 204

References 205

9. OUTPUT DESIGN 206

Chapter Objectives 206

Output: High Quality, Usable Information 207

Output types 209

Internal, External, and Turnaround Outputs 209

Static and Dynamic Outputs 211

Output Devices and Media 212

Output Formats 214

Output: Report Types 214

Output: Graphs 221

Output: Internal Controls 225

The Future of Output Design 227

Summary 227

Questions 228

References 228

10. INPUT DESIGN 229

Chapter Objectives 229

Introduction 229

The Many Facets of Input Data 231

Data Validation and Verification 231

Input Data Methods 232

Input Devices 235

General Guidelines for Inputing Data 235

Graphical User Interface(GUI)design for Input 242

Summary 247

Questions 247

References 248

11. FILE AND DATABASE DESIGN 249

Chapter Objectives 249

Files and Databases 250

Data Structures 252

Attribute Classifications 254

File Types 258

File Access and Organization 262

Normalization 265

Object-Oriented Database 279

Evolution of Object-Oriented Database 279

Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Data Model 280

Strengths of an Object-Oriented Database 282

Weaknesses of an Object-Oriented Database 284

Summary 284

Questions 285

References 285

12. SOFTWARE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING 286

Chapter Objectives 286

Introduction 286

General Software Design Principles 288

Software Construction Framework 291

Object-Oriented software Construction Framework 293

Software construction Strategies 293

Cohesion and Coupling 295

Object-oriented Cohesion and Coupling 299

Software Testing 299

Software Testing Strategies 300

A Generic Software Testing

Methodology 303

Application and Code Generators 308

Summary 308

Questions 309

References 309

13. IMPLEMENTATION 310

Chapter Objectives 310

Introduction 310

Install: The First Phase of Implementation 311

Activate: The Second Phase of Implementation 314

Institutionalization: The Final Phase of Implementation 316

Organizational (Planned) Change for Information Systems 318

The stages of Organizational Change 319

Action Research and Force Field Analysis 322

Implementation Critical success Factors 325

Summary 326

Questions 326

References 327

Part III Modules-Miscellaneous Systems Analysis and Design Topics

A. IMFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING 329

Module Objectives 329

Introduction 329

A Generic Information Systems Planning Methodology 331

Why Engage in Information Systems Planning? 334

Information Systems Planning Techniques and Methodologies 335

Summary 335

Questions 335

References 336

B. PROTOTYPING 337

Module Objectives 337

Prototyping's Placement within a Systems Development Life Cycle 338

Product versus Information Systems Prototyping Differences 338

Prototyping Benefits 339

Prototyping's Risk 340

Prototyping Synonyms 341

Enabling Technologies for Prototyping 342

Does Prototyping Work? 343

How to Initiate Prototyping 344

Summary 345

Questions 345

References 345

C. COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING(CASE) 346

Module Objectives 346

Introduction 346

CASE Architecture 347

The Stages of CASE Usage 349

The Benefits of CASE 349

The Issues of CASE 349

Summary 351

Questions 351

References 351

D. SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 353

Module Objectives 353

Introduction 353

Immature and Mature Systems Development Organizations 354

The five Maturity Levels of the SEI Capability Maturity Model 355

A Generic Systems Development Process Improvement Model 358

The ISO 9000 Process Improvement Methodology 359

Summary 359

Questions 360

References 360

E. THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE 361

Module Objectives 361

Introduction 361

Software Development's Quadruple Constraint 363

Information Technology Management Issues 364

Systems development Risks 364

Systems Analysis and Design versus Software Engineering 365

A systems Development Architecture for the 1990s 366

SDLC, Methodology, Technique, and Tool 369

Summary 371

Questions 371

References 372

F. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 373

Module Objectives 373

Introduction 373

Two Tools: PERT Network and Gantt Chart 375

The PERT Network 376

A PERT Network Example 377

PERT Network Strengths and Weaknesses 381

The Gantt Chart 383

A Gantt Chart Example 384

Summary 384

Questions 385

References 386

G. COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONIC MEETINGS 387

Module Objectives 387

Communication within an Information Systems development Project 388

Systems Development Project Communication Opportunities 389

Problem Solving session Strategy 392

Electronic Meetings to Support Group Work 393

Summary 395

Questions 395

References 395

H. BUSINES PROCESS REENGINEERING 396

Module Objectives 396

Introduction 396

Lessons Learned from Organizations that Have Done It 397

The Core of Business Process Reengineering 398

Business Process Reengineering is Organizational Change 399

A Business Process Reengineering Strategy 399

Summary 399

Questions 400

References 400

GLOSSARY 401

RECOMMENDED READING TO GET STARTED-AUGUST 1995 410

BIBLIOGRAPHY-OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY 411

INDEX 421