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Preface
1. The Basics
The Importance of Language Annotation
The Layers of Linguistic Description
What Is Natural Language Processing?
A Brief History of Corpus Linguistics
What Is a Corpus?
Early Use of Corpora
Corpora Today
Kinds of Annotation
Language Data and Machine Learning
Classification
Clustering
Structured Pattern Induction
The Annotation Development Cycle
Model the Phenomenon
Annotate with the Specification
Train and Test the Algorithms over the Corpus
Evaluate the Results
Revise the Model and Algorithms
Summary
2. Defining Your Goal and Dataset
Defining Your Goal
The Statement of Purpose
Refining Your Goal: Informativity Versus Correctness
Background Research
Language Resources
Organizations and Conferences
NLP Challenges
Assembling Your Dataset
The Ideal Corpus: Representative and Balanced
Collecting Data from the Internet
Eliciting Data from People
The Size of Your Corpus
Existing Corpora
Distributions Within Corpora
Summary
3. Corpus Analytics
Basic Probability for Corpus Analytics
Joint Probability Distributions
Bayes Rule
Counting Occurrences
Zipf's Law
N-grams
Language Models
Summary
4. Building Your Model and Specificationl
Some Example Models and Specs
Film Genre Classification
Adding Named Entities
Semantic Roles
Adopting (or Not Adopting) Existing Models
Creating Your Own Model and Specification: Generality Versus Specificity
Using Existing Models and Specifications
Using Models Without Specifications
Different Kinds of Standards
ISO Standards
Community-Driven Standards
Other Standards Affecting Annotation
Summary
5. Applying and Adopting Annotation Standards
Metadata Annotation: Document Classification
Unique Labels: Movie Reviews
Multiple Labels: Film Genres
Text Extent Annotation: Named Entities
Inline Annotation
……
6. Annotation and Adjudication..
7. Training: Machine Learning...
8. Testing and Evaluation.
9. Revising and Reporting.
10. Annotation: TimeML.
11. Automatic Annotation: Generating TimeML.
12. Afterword: The Future of Annotation.
A. List of Available Corpora and Specifications
B. List of Software Resources
C. MAE UserGuide
D. MAI UserGuide
E. Bibliography
Index
