C语言参考手册：英文版

PART 1 The C Language 1

1 Intnduction 3

l .l The Evolution of C 3

l .2 Which Dialect of C Should You Use? 6

l.3 An Overview of C Programming 7

l.4 Conformance 8

l.5 Syntax Notation 9

2 Lexical Elements 11

2.l Character Set l l

2.2 Comments 18

2.3 Tokens 20

2.4 Operators and Separators 20

2.5 Identifiers 2l

2.6 Keywords 23

2.7 Constants 24

2.8 C++Compatibility 38

2.9 On Character Sets, Repertoires, and Encodings 39

2.l0 Exercises 4l

3 The C bopmeessor 43

3.l Preprocessor Commands 43

3.2 Preprocessor Lexical Conventions 44

3.3 Definition and Replacement 46

3.4 File Inclusion 59

3.5 Conditional Compilation 6l

3.6 Explicit Line Numbering 66

3.7 Pragma Directive 67

3.8 Error Directive 69

3.9 C++Compatibility 70

3.l0 Exercises 7l

4 Declarations 73

4.l Organization of Declarations 74

4.2 Terminology 75

4.3 Storage Class and Function Specifiers 83

4.4 Type Specifiers and Qualifiers 86

4.5 Declarators 95

4.6 Initializers l03

4.7 Implicit Declarations l l3

4.8 External Names l l3

4.9 C++ Compatibility l l6

4.l0 Exercises 1l9

5 Types 123

5.l Integer Types l24

5.2 Floating-Point Types l32

5.3 Pointer Types l36

5.4 Array Types l40

5.5 Enumerated Types l45

5.6 Structure Types l48

5.7 UnionTypes l60

5.8 Function Types l65

5.9 The void Type l68

5.l0 Typedef Names l68

5.ll Type Compatibility l72

5.l2 Type Names and Abstract Declarators l76

5.l3 C++ Compatibility 178

5.l4 Exercises l79

6 Conversions and Representations 181

6. l Representations l8l

6.2 Conversions l88

6.3 The Usual Conversions l94

6.4 C++ Compatibility 200

6.5 Exercises 20l

7 Exprcssions 203

7. l Objects, Lvalues, and Designators 203

7.2 Expressions and Precedence 204

7.3 Primary Expressions 207

7.4 Postfix Expressions 2l0

7.5 Unary Expressions 2l9

7.6 Binary Operator Expressions 227

7.7 Logical Operator Expressions 243

7.8 Conditional Expressions 244

7.9 Assignment Expressions 246

7.l0 Sequential Expressions 249

7.l1 Constant ExPressions 250

7.12 Orde of Evaluation 253

7.l3 Discarded Values 255

7.l4 Ophmization of Memory Accesses 256

7.l5 C++ Compatibility 257

7.l6 Exercises 258

8 Statements 259

8.l General Syntactic Rules for Statements 260

8.2 Expression Statements 260

8.3 Labeled Statements 261

8.4 Compound Statements 262

8.5 Conditional Statements 264

8.6 Iteraive Statements 266

8.7 Switch Statements 274

8.8 Break and Conhnue Statements 277

8.9 Return Statements 279

8.l0 Goto Statements 280

8.ll Null Statements 28l

8.12 C++ Compatibility 282

8.l3 Exercises 282

9 Functions 285

9.l Function Definitions 286

9.2 Function Prototypes 289

9.3 Formal Parameter Declarations 295

9.4 Adustments to Parameter rypes 298

9.5 Mmeter-Passing Conventions 299

9.6 Agreement of Parameters 3(X)

9.7 Function Return Types 30l

9.8 Agreement of Return rypes 302

9.9 The Main Program 303

9.l0 Inline Functions 304

9.ll C++ Compatibility 306

9.l2 Exercises 307

PART 2 The C Libraries 309

l0 Introduction to the Libraries 311

l0.l Standard C Facilihes 3l2

l0.2 C++ Compatibility 3l3

l0.3 Library Headers and Names 3l6

11 Standard Language Addltions 325

ll.l NULL, Ptrdiff_t, siz_t, offsetof 325

l1.2 EDOM, ERANGE, EILSEQ, errno, strerror, Perror 327

ll.3 bool, false, true 329

ll.4 valist, vastart, va_arg va_end 329

ll.5 Standard C Operator Macros 333

l2 Charaoter Processing 335

l2.l isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, iswalnum, iswalpha, iswcntrl 336

12.2 iscsym, iscsymf 338

l2.3 isdigit, isodigit, isxdigit, iswdigit, iswxdigit 338

l2.4 isgraph, isprint, ispunct, iswgraph, iswprint, iswpunct 339

l2.5 islower, isupper iswlower, iswupper 340

l2.6 isblank, isspace, iswhite, iswspace 34l

l2.7 toascii 34l

l2.8 toint 342

l2.9 tolower, toupper, towlower, towupper 342

l2.l0 wctype_t, wctype, iswctype 343

l2. ll wctrans_t, wctrans 344

13 String Processing 347

l3.l stroat, strncat, wcscat, wcsncat 348

l3.2 strcmp, strncmp, wcscmp, wcsncmp 349

l3.3 strcpy, strncpy, wcscpy, wcsncpy 350

l3.4 strlen, wcslen 35l

l3.5 strehr, strrchr, wcschr, wcsrchr 351

l3.6 strspn, strcspn, strpbrk, strrpbrk, wcsspn, wcscspn, wcspbrk 352

l3.7 strstr strtok, wcsstr wcstok 354

l3.8 strtod, sotof, strtold, strtol, strtoll, strttoul, strtoull 355

l3.9 atof, atoi, atol, atoll 356

l3.l0 streoll, strxfrm, wcscoll, wcsxfrm 356

14 Memory Functions 359

14.1 memchr, wmemchr 359

l4.2 memcmp, wmemcmp 360

l4.3 memcpy, memccpy memmove, wmemcpy, wmemmove 36l

l4.4 memset, wmemset 362

l5 Input/output Facilities 363

l5.l FILE, EOF, wchar_t, wint_t, WEOF 365

l5.2 fopen, fclose, mush, freopen, fwide 366

l5.3 setbuf, setvbuf 370

l5.4 stdin, stdout, stderr 37l

l5.5 fseek, ftell, rewind, fgetpos, fsetpos 372

l5.6 fgetc, fgetwc, getc, getwc, getchar getwchar, ungetc, ungetwc 374

l5.7 fgets, fgetws, gets 376

l5.8 fscanf, fwscanf, scanf, wscanf, sscanf, swscanf 377

l5.9 fputc, fputwc, putc, putwc, putchar, putwchar 385

l5.l0 fputs, fputws, puts 386

l5.l l fprintf, printf, sprint f, snprintf, fwprintf, wprintf, swprintf 387

l5.l2 v[x]prrintf, v[x]scanf 40l

l5.l3 fread, fwrite 402

l5.l4 feof, fermr, clearerr 404

l5.l5 remove, rename 404

l5.l6 tmpfile, tmpnam, mktemp 405

l6 General Utilities 407

l6.l malloc, calloc, mlalloc, clalloc, free, cfree 407

l6.2 rand, srand, RAND_NAX 4l0

l6.3 atof, atoi, atol, atoll l 4ll

l6.4 strtod, strtof, strtold, strtol, strtoll, strtoul, strtoull 4l2

l6.5 abort, atexit, exit, _Exit, EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS 4l4

l6.6 getenv 4l5

l6.7 system 4l6

l6.8 bsearch, qsort 4l7

l6.9 abs, labs, llabs, div, ldiv, lldiv 4l9

l6.l0 mblen, mbtowc, wctomb 420

l6.ll mbstowcs, wcstombs 422

17 Mathematical Functions 425

l7.l abs, labs, llabs, div ldiv, lldiv 426

l7.2 fabs 426

l7.3 ceil, floor, lrint, llrint, lround, llround, nearbyint, round, rint,trunc 427

l7.4 fmod, remainder, remquo 428

l7.5 frexp, ldexp, modf, scalbn 429

l7.6 exp, exp2, expml, ilogb, log, logl0, loglp, log2, logb 430

l7.7 cbrt, fma, hypot, pow, sqrt 432

l7.8 rand, srand, RAND_MAX 432

l7.9 cos, sin, tan, cosh, sinh, tanh 433

l7. l0 acos, asin, atan, atan2, acosh, asinh, atanh 434

l7.ll fdim, fmax, fmin 435

l7. l2 Type-Generic Macros 435

l7. l3 erf, erfc, lgamma, tgamma 439

l7. l4 fpelassify, isfinite, isinf, isnan, isnormal, signbit 440

l7. l5 copysign, nan, nextafer, nexttoward 441

l7. l6 isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater,isunordered 442

l8 Time and Date Functions 443

l8. l clock, clock_t, CLOCKS_PER_SEC, times 443

l8.2 time, time_t 445

l8.3 asctime, ctime 445

l8.4 gmtime, localtime, mktime 446

l8.5 difftime 447

l8.6 strftime, wcsftime 448

19 Control Functions 453

l9.l assert, NDEBUG 453

l9.2 system, exec 454

19.3 exit, aboIt 454

l9.4 set jmp, longimp,jmp_buf 454

l9.5 atexit 456

l9.6 signal, raise, gsignal, ssignal, psignal 456

l9.7 sleep, alarm 458

20 Locale 461

20.l setlocale 46l

20.2 localeconv 463

2l Extended Integer Types 467

2l. l General Rules 467

2l.2 Exact-Size Integer Types 470

2l.3 Least-Size Types of a Minimum Width 47l

2l.4 Fast Types of a Minimum Width 472

2l.5 Pointer-Size and Maximum-Size Integer Types 473

2l.6 Ranges of ptrdiff_t, size_t, wchap_t, wint_t, and sig_atomic_t 474

2l.7 imaxabs, imaxdiv, imaxdiv_t 474

2l.8 strtoimax, strtouimax 475

2l.9 wcstoimax, wcstoumax 475

22 Floating-Point Environment 477

22.l Overview 477

22.2 Floating-Point Environment 478

22.3 Floating-Point Exceptions 479

22.4 Floating-Point Rounding Modes 48l

22'5 Floating-Point Expression Contraction 48l

23 Complex Arithmetic 483

23.l Complex Library Conventions 483

23.2 complex, _Complex_I, imaginary, _Imaginary_I, I 484

23.3 CX_LIMITED_RANGE 484

23.4 cacos, casin, catan, ccos, csin, ctan 485

23.5 cacosh, casinh, catanh, ccosh, csinh, ctanh 486

23.6 cexp, clog, cabs, cpow csqrt 487

23.7 carg, cimag, creal, conj, cproj 488

24 Wide and Multibyte Facilities 489

24.l Basic rypes and Macros 489

24.2 Conversions Between Wide and Multibyte Characters 490

24.3 Conversions Between Wide and Multibyte Strings 49l

24.4 Conversions to Arithmetic Types 493

24.5 Input and Output Functions 493