人禽流感（英文 500）

1 Outline of Human Avian Influenza /1

Chen Qiu, Gui-lin Yang, and Pu-xuan Lu

1.1 Introduction of Human Avian Influenza /1

1.2 Epidemics of Human Avian Influenza and Its Control /2

1.3 Avian Influenza Virus /3

1.4 The Latest Detection Technology for Influenza Viruses /3

1.5 Current Situation of Vaccine Researches /5

References /6

2 Epidemiology /7

Gui-lin Yang, Kai Zhou, Yong-xiang Yi, and Chen Qiu

2.1 Outline of the Epidemics /7

2.2 Infection Source /9

2.3 Transmission Routes /11

2.4 Susceptible Populations /13

2.5 Epidemiological Features /13

References /16

3 Etiology /17

Zhi-gang Song, Yu-xin Shi, Hua-bin Yin, Jun Chen, and Hong-zhou Lu

3.1 Discovery of the Pathogen and Confirmation of Pathogeny /17

3.2 Morphological Structure and Physical/Chemical Profiles of the Viruses /18

3.3 Molecular Biological Characteristics of the Virus /19

3.4 Virus Cultivation and Animal Models /21

3.5 Pathogenicity of Viruses /25

3.6 Sources of Avian Influenza Virus /26

References /26

4 Pathogenesis and Pathological Changes of Avian Influenza in Human /29

Yan-ling Feng, Xiao-hua Le, and Shi-pin Wu

4.1 Pathogenesis /29

4.2 Pathophysiology /31

4.3 Pathological Changes /35

References /40

5 Laboratory Examination /41

Zhao-qin Zhu, Hong-zhou Lu, Yu-xin Shi, and Wan-shui Shan

5.1 Determination of T Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood /41

5.2 Determination of Viral Antigen /42

5.3 Detection of Serum Antigens Against Viral Infection /43

5.4 Molecular Biological Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids /47

5.5 Isolation and Identification of Viruses /48

5.6 Inoculation onto Animals /51

Contents

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5.7 Inoculation, Cultivation, and Harvest of Chicken Embryos for Animal

Experiment /52

5.8 Requirement on Biosafety /54

References /55

6 Clinical Diagnosis and Differentiation Diagnosis /57

Shi-pin Wu, Dong-na Su, and Chen Qiu

6.1 Clinical Manifestation /57

6.2 Clinical Diagnosis /59

6.3 Differential Diagnosis /61

References /61

7 Treatment of Avian Influenza in Human /63

Shi-pin Wu, Kai Zhou, and Chen Qiu

7.1 Principle of Treatment /63

7.2 Isolation /63

7.3 Symptomatic Treatment and Supportive Treatment /64

7.4 Antiviral Treatment /64

7.5 Usage of Glucocorticoids and Immunomodulator /65

7.6 Treatment of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

and Multiple Organ Failure /66

References /69

8 Complications and Image Findings /71

Yu-xin Shi, Xiu-dong Shi, Ling-wei Wang, Su Zhou, Wei-ya Shi,and Jin-ping Wu

8.1 Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis /71

8.2 Secondary Pulmonary Infection /73

8.3 Pneumothorax and Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema /74

8.4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome /76

8.5 Reye Syndrome /80

8.6 Other Complications /80

References /82

9 H7N9 Avian Influenza in Human /85

Feng Feng, Yu-xin Shi, Yu-zhe Wang, Yi-bo Lu, Shu-yi Yang, and Qin-qin Yan

9.1 Summary /85

9.2 Image Findings /86

9.3 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /90

9.4 Value of Imaging in Diagnosing H7N9 Avian Influenza Pneumonia in Human /93

9.5 Introduction of the First Case of H7N9 Avian Influenza in Human in the World /97

References /102

10 H5N1 Avian Influenza in Human /103

Qian-qian Zhang, He-ping Xu, Yong Sun, Bu-dong Chen, Fei Shi, Guang-ping Zheng, and Pu-xuan Lu

10.1 Summary /103

10.2 Image Findings /104

10.3 Clinical Imaging Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /107

10.4 Introduction of the First Case in Chinese Mainland /109

References /113

11 H5N6 Avian Influenza in Human /115

Hua Huang, Yue Zeng, Qing-si Zeng, Jia-fu Lin, Gui-xia Wang,Xiao-yan Huang, and Pu-xuan Lu

11.1 Summary /115

11.2 Image Findings /116

11.3 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /120

11.4 Report of the First Case in the World /122

References /128

12 H10N8 Avian Influenza in Human /131

Yu-lin He, Fei Shi, Chuan-jun Xu, Bu-dong Chen, Ying-ying Deng,and Pu-xuan Lu

12.1 Overview /131

12.2 Image Findings /131

12.3 Imaging Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /137

12.4 The First Reported Human Infection with H10N8 Avian Influenza Pneumonia in the World /138

References /142

13 H9N2 Avian Influenza in Human /145

Qian-qian Zhang, Kai Zhou, Wen-zhong Hou, Ru-ming Xie, Yu-lin He,

and Pu-xuan Lu

13.1 Introduction /145

13.2 Image Findings /147

13.3 Differential Diagnosis /149

13.4 The First Case Report Worldwide /150

References /154

14 H7N4 Avian Influenza in Human /157

Yi-bo Lu, Wei Huang, Sheng-xiu Lv, Qiu-ting Zheng, Pu-xuan Lu,and Jin-ping Wu

14.1 Overview /157

14.2 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /157

14.3 First Human Infection Reported Worldwide /159

References /165

15 Prevention of Avian Influenza in Human /167

Gui-lin Yang, Ling-wei Wang, Chen Qiu, Yong-yi Lu, and Yu-xin Shi

15.1 Basic Strategies for Preventive Control /167

15.2 Epidemic Surveillance and Early Warning /168

15.3 Epidemic Report /171

15.4 Source Control /173

15.5 Management of Contacts /174

15.6 Division of Epidemic Areas /174

15.7 Immunization Prevention /175

15.8 Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infection /175

15.9 Health Education and Health Promotion /178

15.10 Supervision and Law Enforcement /179

15.11 Quarantine /184

References /186

16 Prognosis /187

Gui-lin Yang, Dong-na Su, and Chen Qiu

16.1 Prognosis and Outcome /187

16.2 Factors Affecting Prognosis /188

References /190