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PREFACE
Overview
Objectvies of This Textbook
New to This Edition
Organization of This Textbook
For the Student
End-of-Chapter Exercises
For the Instructor
Instructor Resources CD-ROM
Online Content
Software Bundling Opportunities
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to System Analysts and Design
Objectives
Introduction
The Impact of Information Technology
The Future of IT
The Role of Systems Analysis and Design
Who Develops Information Systems?
Information System Components
Hardware
Software
Data
Processes
People
Understanding the business
Business Profile
Business Models
New Kinds of Companies
Impact of the Internet
B2C(Business-to-Consumer)
B2B(Business-to-Business)
Web-Based System Development
How Business Uses Information Systems
Enterprise Computing Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Business Support Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
User Productivity Systems
Information Systems Integration
Information System Users and Their Needs
Top Managers
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Supervisors and Team Leaders
Operational Employees
Systems Oevelopment Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Prototyping
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering(CASE)Tools
Systems Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Object-Oriented Analysis
Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development
Other Development Strategies
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems Planning
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Systems Implementation
Systems Operation and Support
Systems Development Guidelines
Information Technology Department
Application Development
Systems Support
User Support
Database Administration
Network Administration
Web Support
The Systems Analyst Position
Responsibilities
Required Skills and Backgroun
Certification
Career Opportunities
SoftWear,Linited
Backgroud
Organization
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn In Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Orignal Kayak Adventures
SCR Associates
PHASE 1:Systems Planning
CHAPTER 2 Analyzing the Business Case
Objectives
Introduction
Strategic Planning-A Framework for IT Systems Development
Strategic Planning Overview
From Strategic Plans to Business Results
A Business Example
The Changing Role of the Department
The Future
Information Systems Projects
Reasons for Systems Projects
Factors that Affect Systems Projects
Internal Factors
External Factors
Project Management Tools
Evaluation of Systems Requests
Systems Request Forms
Systems Review Committees
Overview of Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Econonmic Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Evaluation Feasibility
Setting Priorities
Factors that Affect Priority
Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects
Preliminary Investigation Overview
Interaction with Managers and Users
Planning the Preliminary Investigation
Step 1:Understand the Problem or Opportunity
Step 2:Define the Project Scope and Constraints
Step 3:Perform Fact-Finding
Step 4:Evaluate Feasibility
Step 5:Estimate Project Development Time and Cost
Step 6:Present Results and Recommendations to Management
SoftWear,Limited
Background
Request for Information Technology Services
Organization Charts
Interviews
Current Documentation
Presentation to Management
Chapter Sumary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Action Office Products
Original Kayak Adventures
Town of Eden Bay
SCR Associates
PHASE 2:Systems Analysis
CHAPTER 3 Requirements Modeling
Objectives
Introduction
Systems Analysis Phase Overview
Systems Analysis Skills
Team-Oriented Methods and Techniques
Joint Application Development
User Involvement
JAD Participants and Roles
JAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Rapid Application Development
RAD Phases and Activities
RAD Objectives
RAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Modeling Tools and Techniques
CASE Tools
Functional Decomposition diagrams
Unified Modeling Language
System Requirements Checklist
Outputs
Inputs
Processes
Performance
Controls
Future Growth,Costs,and Benefits
Scalability
Total Cost of Ownership
Fact-Finding
Overview
Who,What,Where,When,How,and Why?
The Zachman Framework
Interviews
Step 1:Determine the People to Interview
Step 2:Establish Objectives for the Interview
Step 3:Develop Interview Questions
Step 4:Prepare for the Interview
Step 5:Conduct the Interview
Step 6:Document the Interview
Step 7:Evaluate the Interview
Unsuccessful Interviews
Other Fact-Finding Techniques
Document Review
Observation
Questionnaires and Surveys
Sampling
Research
Interviews versus Questionnaires
Documentation
The Need for Recording the Facts
Software Tools
Preview of Enterprise Modeling
Softwear,Limited
Background
Human Resources Department Interview
Payroll Department Interview
BIS Interview
New Developments
The Revised Project
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Baxter Community Collgeg-Part 1
Baxter Community College-Part 2
Town of Eden Bay
SCR Associates
CHAPTER 4 Enterprise Modeling
Objectives
Introduction
Enterprise Modeling Tools
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Drawing an Initial ERD
Types of Relationships
Data Flow Diagrams
DFD Symbols
Context Diagrams
Conventions for DFDs
Diagram 0
Lower-Level Diagrams
Strategies for Developing DFDs
Data Dictionary
Documenting the Data Elements
Documenting the Data Flows
Documenting the Data Stores
Documenting the Processes
Documenting the Entities
Documenting the Records
Data Dictionary Reports
Process Description Tools
Modular Design
Structured Englihs
Decision Tables
Decision Trees
Logical Versus Physical Models
Sequence of Models
Four-Model Approach
SoftWear,Limited
Background
Entity-Relationship Diagram
Data Flow Diagrams
Data Dictionary and Process Descriptions
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
SCR Associates
CHAPTER 5 Development Strategies
Objectives
Introduction
Development Strategies Overview
Web-Based Software Trends
Software as a Service
The Changing Software Marketplace
The Impact of the Internet on Systems Development
Software Outsourcing Options
The Growth of Outsourcing
Outsourcing Fees
Outsourcing Issues and Concerns
In-House Software Development Options
Make or Buy Decision
Developing Software In-House
Purchasing a Software Package
Customizing a software Package
Creating User Applications
Role of the Systems Analyst
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Financial Analysis Tools
Cost-Benefit Analysis Checklist
A Software Acquisition Example
Step 1:Evaluate the Information System Requirements
Step 2:Identify Potential Vendors or Outsourcing Options
Step 3:Evaluate the Alternatives
Step 4:Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis
Step 5:Prepare a Recommendation
Step 6:Implement the Solution
Completion of Systems Analysis Tasks
System Requirements Document
Presentation to Management
The Transition to Systems Design
Preparing for Sysems Design Tasks
The Relationship between Logical and Physical Design
Systems Design Guidelines
Systems Design Objectives
Design Trade-Offs
Prototyping
Prototyping Methods
Prototyping Tools
Limitations of Prototypes
Other Modeling Tools
Using Codes During System Design
Overview of Codes
Types of Codes
Developing a Code
SoftWear,Limited
Background
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Cutting Edge
SCR Associates
PHASE 3:Systems Design
CHAPTER 6 Data Design
Objectives
Introduction
Data Design Concepts
Data Structures
Overview of File Processing
Overview of Database Systems
Database Tradeoffs
DBMS Components
Interfaces for Users,Database Administrators,and Related Systems
Data Manipulation Language
Schema
Physical Data Repository
Web-Based Database Design
Characteristics of Web-Based Design
Internet Terminology
Connecting a Database to the Web
Data Security
Data Design Terminology
Definitions
Key Fields
Key Fields
Referential Integrity
Data Relationships
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Cardinality
Normalization
Standard Notation Format
Repeating Groups and Unnormalized Designs
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
A Normalization Example
Steps in Database Design
Database Models
Hierarchical and Network Database
Relational Database
Object-Oriented Databases
Data Storage
Data Warehousing
Data Mining
Logical and Physical Storage
Data Storage Formats
Selecting a Data Storage Format
Date Fields
Data Control
Softwear,Limited
Background
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Bytes Unlimited
Fastflight Airlines
SCR Associates
CHAPTER 7 User Interface,Input,and Output Design
Objectives
Introduction
User Interface Design
Evolution of the User Interface
Human-Computer Interaction
Basic Principles of User-Centered Design
Guidelines for User Interface Design
User Interface Controls
Input Design
Input and Data Entry Mehods
Input Volume
Designing Data Entry Screens
Input Errors
Source Documents
Input Control
Output Design Issues
types of Output
Printed Output
Types of Reports
User Involvement in Report Design
Report Design Principles
Report Design Example
Other Design Issues
Designing Character-Based Reports
Printing Volume and Time Requirements
Output Control and Security
SoftWear,Limited
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
SCR Associates
CHAPTER 8 System Architecture
Objectives
Introduction
System Architecture Checklist
Enterprise Resource Planning
Initial Cost and TCO
Scalability
Web Integration
Legacy System Interface Requirements
System Security
Processing Optioins
Planning the Architecture
Servers
Clients
Client/Server Architecture
Overview
Client/Server Design Styles
Types of Clients:Fat and Thin
Client/Server Tiers
Middleware
Cost-Benefit Issues
Client/Server Performance Issues
Impact of the Internet
E-Commerce Strategies
Industry Experience and Trends
Processing Methods
Online Processing
Batch Processing
Combined Online and Batch Processing
Network Models
The OSI Reference Model
Network Modeling Tools
Network Topology
Network Protocols
Licensing Issues
Ssytem Management and Support
Performance Management
System Security
Fault Management,Backup,and Disaster Recovery
Systems Design Completion
System Design Specification
User Approval
Presentations
SoftWear,Limited
Background
System Architecture
Planning the System
Security
Creating the Database Objects
Planning the User Interface
Using Visual Basic and Macros
Completing the Systems Design Phase
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
SCR Associates
PHASE 4:Systems Implementation
CHAPTER 9 Systems Implementation
Objectives
Introduction
Software Quality Assurance
Software Engineering
International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
Application Development
Documentation Review
Program Design
Structure Charts
Cohesion and Coupling
Structure Chart Examples
Steps in Drawing a Structure Chart
Other Application Development Tools
Coding
Programming Environments
Generating Code
Testing the System
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Documentation
Program Documentation
System Documentation
Operations documentation
User Documentation
Mangement Approval
System Installation and Evaluation
Operational and Test Environments
Training
training Plan
Vendor Training
Outside Training Resources
In-House training
Data Conversion
Data Conversion Strategies
Data Conversion Security and Controls
System Changeover
Direct Cutover
Parallel Operation
Pilot Operation
Phased Operation
Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
Final Report to Management
Softwear,Limited
Background
Mainframe Interface
ESIP Server
Completing Application Development
Installation of the ESIP System
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Fanciful Crystal
SCR Associates
PHASE 5:Systems Operation and support
CHAPTER 10 Systems Operation and Support
Objectives
Introduction
Overview of Systems Support and Maintenance
User Support Activities
User Training
Help Desks
Maintenance Activities
Corrective Maintenance
Adaptive Maintenance
Perfective Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Managing Systems Operation and Support
Maintenance Team
Managing Maintenance Requests
Establishing Priorities
Configuration Management
Maintenance Releases
Version Control
Baselines
Managing System Performance
Performance and workload Measurement
Capacity Planning
System Maintenance Tools
System Obsolescence
Facing the Future:Challenges and Opportunities
Predictions
Strategic Planning for IT Professionals
IT Credentials and Certification
A Microsoft Certification Example
SoftWear,Limited
Background
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Learn It Online
Chapter Exercises
Apply Your Knowledge
Case Studies
New Century Health Clinic
Personal Trainer,Inc.
Tarheel Industries
Mills Imports
SCR Associates
Systems Analysis and Design Toolkits
PART 1 Communication Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Guidelines For Successful Communications
Written Communications
Writing Style and Readability
E-Mail,Memos,and Letters
Reports
Oral Communications
Define the Audience
Define the Objectives
Organize the Presentation
Define Any Technical Terms
Prepare Presentation Aids
Practice
The Presentation
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
PART 2 CASE Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Overview of CASE Tools
CASE Tools History
The Marketplace for CASE Tools
CASE Terms and Concepts
Repository
Individual Tools
Integrated Development Environments
Examples of Integrated Development Environments
Pros and Cons of Integrated Development Tools
CASE Tool Examples
Visible Analyst
System Architect
Rational Software
Future Trends
New Developments
The Emerging Role of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
PART 3 Financial Analysis Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Describing Consts and Benefits
Cost Classificastions
Managing Information Systems Costs and Charges
Benefit Classifications
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Payback Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Compute Payback Analysis
Return on Investment Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Compute ROI
Present Value Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate Present Value
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
PART 4 Project Management Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Project Management
Project Management Overview
Management Functions
Project Planning
Project Estimating
Developing Time and Cost Estimates
Project Scheduling
Gantt Charts
PERT/CPM
Overview of PERT/CPM
PERT/CPM Chart Format
Task Patterns
Complex Task Patterns
A PERT/CPM Example with Five Tasks
Critical Path
Transforming a Task List into a PERT/CPM Chart
Estimating Task Duration
Comparing Gantt Charts and PERT/CPM
Project Monitoring and Controlling
Project Monitoring and Control
Project Scheduling
Project Reporting
Project Status Meetings
Project Status Reports
Project Management Software
Project Management Example Using Microsoft Project
Software Change Control
Keys to Project Success
Business Issues
Budget Issues
Schedule Issues
Successful Project Management
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
PART 5 Object-Oriented Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Object-Oriented Terms and Concepts
Overview of O-O Analysis
Objects
Attributes
Methods
Messages
Classes
Relationships Among Objects and Classes
Object Relationship Diagram
Object Modeling with the Unified Modeling Language
Use Case Modeling
Use Case Diagrams
Class Diagrams
Sequence Diagrams
State Transistion Diagrams
Activity Diagrams
CASE Tools
Organizing the Object Model
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
PART 6 Internet Resource Tools
Objectives
Introduction
Overview
Some Characteristics of the Internet
Summary of Internet Resources and Tools
Formulating an Internet Research Strategy
Evaluate Your Information Requirement
Match Your Information Requirement to the Proper Tool
Assess the Quality of the Results
download the Results and Perform a Virus Scan
Search Engines
Search Engine Basics
Search Techniques
Advanced Search Techniques
A Search Checklist
Subject Directories
A Subject Directory Example
Advantages and Disadvantages of Subject Directories
The Invisible Web
Invisible Web Examples
Navigation Tools for the Invisible Web
Internet Communication Resources
Newsgroups
Newsletters
Mailing Lists
Web-Based Discussion Groups
Chat Rooms
Instant Messaging
Information Technology Community Resources
Corporate Resources
Government Resources
Professional Resources
Online Learning Resources
Toolkit Summary
Key Terms
Toolkit Exercises
