Microsoft Windows 2000 Server操作指南：英文

lntroduction xxvii

Document Conventions xxviii

Resource Kit ComPact Disc xxviii

Resource Kit Support PoIicy xxix

Resource Kit Support PoIicy xxix

Part 1 Strage, FiIe Systems, and Printing

Chapter1 Disk ConcePts and Troubleshooting

Basic and Dynandc Disks

Basic and Dynandc Disks

Terms

Features of Basic Disk

Features of Dynandc Disk

Features Common to Both Basic and Dynandc Disks

Disk Sectors Critical to Startup

Master Boot Record

Master Boot Code

Panition Table

Extended Boot Record

Boot Sector

Boot Sector Startup Processes

Components of a Boot Sector

FATl Boot Sector

FATl Boot Sector

FAT Boot Sector

NTFS Boot Sector

Protecting the Boot Sector

Troubleshooting Disk Problems

Viruses

MBR Viruses

Boot Sector Viruses

How MBR and Boot Sector Viruses Affect Windows 2000

Treating an MBR or Boot Sector Virus Infection

Damaged MBRs and Boot Sectors

Using an Emergency Repair Disk

Using the Recovery Console

Other Disk Problems

Stop0x0000007B - Inaccessible Boot Device

Volume Displays as Unknown

CMOS Problems

Cables and Connectors

Additional Resources

Chapter2 Data Storage and Manaement

Overview of Data Management

Current Trends

Storage Features

Removable Storage

Remote Storage

Disk Management

Disk Quotas

Removable Storage

Removable Storage Service

Removable Storage Database

Removable Storage Snap-in

Basic Concepts

Media

Physicalocations

Media Pools

Work Queue

Operator Requests

Media Identification and Nandng

On-media Identifiers

Duplicate Copies of Media

Bar Codes

Media Names

Media Change Detection

Media Handling and Usage

Media States

Side States

State Transitions

Free Media

Adndnistering Removable Storage

Device Support

Installing and Configuring Removable Storage-Aware Applications

Preparing Media

Using Operator Requests in Removable Storage

Security

Controlling the Service

Service Startup Tasks

Device Configuration

Database Backup and Recovery

Using the RemovabIe Storage Snap-in

Scripting

TroubIeshooting

Remote Storage

Basic Concepts

Benefits

Local Storage Management

Disk Management Attribute

Manage Files

Remove Volume From Management

Automatic File Truncation

ScheduIed File Truncation

Validate Managed Files

LocaI Storage

First Read, Write, and Memory Map

NTFS "File Open"

Runaway Recall Detection and Prevention

DeIetion of a Prendgrated FiIe or Placeholder

Renandng, Moving, or Copying PIaceholders and Prendgrated Files

VoIume Decowission grated Files

Restoring PIaceholders from Backup and Disconnected Placeholders

Interaction with other Reparse Point Types

Placeholders Binding to a Specific Remote Storage

Windows 2000 Security Integration

File Collocation

RePlication

Remote Storage Engine

FIow Meter CaPacity Metric

Storage PooI

HandIing of Physically Full Remote Storage

SheIf Media

Media Status andocation

Upgrading Remote Storageibraries

Adndnistering Disk Quotas

Enabling Disk Quotas

Local and Remote Implementations

Auditing Disk Space Use

Exceeding Disk Quota.indts

Additional Resources

Chapter3 File Systems

About Windows 2000 File Systems

FAT File System

FAT File System

FAT File System

File Names on FAT Volumes

Using FAT with Windows 2000

The NTFS File System

Multiple Data Streams

Reparse Points

Change Joumal

Encryption

Sparse File Support

Disk Quotas

Distributedink-Trackingl

Converting to Windows 2000 File Systems

Multiple Booting of Windows NT and Windows 2000

Windows NT CQmpatibility with the Version of NTFS Included with

Windows 2000

Cleanup Operations on Windows NT Volumes

Structure of an NTFS Volume

Boot Sector

Master File Table and Metadata

NTFS File Attributes

MS-DOS-Readable File Names on NTFS Volumes

Usingong File Names

Compact Disc File System

Universal Disk Format

Comparing FATl, FAT, and NTFS

ComParing FAT File Systemsl

FATl vs. FATl

Advantages of FATll

Disadvantages of FATl

Advantages of FAT

Disadvantages of FAT

Advantages of NTFS

Disadvantages of NTFS

Formatting the System Partition in.Multiple-Boot Configurations

Which Is Faster - FATl, FAT, or NTFS?

Maximum Volume Sizes

Maximum Sizes on FATl Volumes

Maximum Sizes on FAT Volumes

Maximum Sizes on NTFS Volumes

Controlling Access to Files and Folders

POSIX Compliance

File and Folder Compression

Compressing and Decompressing Folders and Files

Using the Compact Program

Effects of Compression on Moving and Copying Files

Moving Files or Folders on NTFS Volumes

Copying Files or Folders on NTFS Volumes

Moving and Copying Files Between FATl, FAT, and NTFS Volumes

Adding Files to an Almost Full NTFS Volume

NTFS Compression Algorithm

Compression PerfOrmance

Other ComPression Methods

NTFS Recoverability

Recovering Data with NTFS

Caching and Data Recovery

Cluster Remapping

Features Built on Reparse Points

Remote Storage

Volume Mount Points

File System Toolsl

Cacls; Displays and Modifies NTFS Access Controlists

ComPact Compresses and Decompresses NTFS Files and Folders

Volume Compression Requirements

Compress f Compresses Files or Folders

Convert: Converts a Volume frOm FAT to NTFS

Free Space Required to Convert FAT to NTFS

Converting NTFS and FAT Volumes

DirUse: Scans a Directory and Reports On Disk Space Usage

Expand: Expands Compressed Files

Mountvol: Displays, Creates, and Deletes Volume Mount Points

Additional Resources

Chapter 4 NetWork Printing

Introduction to Network Printingl

Print Devices, Print Clients, Printers, and Print Serversl

Local and Remote Printing

Web Printing

Aichitecture

GraPhics Device Interface

Printer Driver

Client Spoolerl

Remote Print Providerl

Print Router

Print Server Service

Server Spooler

Local Print Provider

Print Processor

RAW Data Type

NT EMF.x Data Type

TEXT Data Type

Print Monitors

Language Monitor

Local Port Monitor

Remote Port Monitors

Sharing Printers

Local Printing

Add Printer Wizard

Plug and Play

Forwarding Print Jobsl

Remote Printing

Prerequisites

Print Server Protocols Used

Port Installation Procedure

Reconfiguration

Status Reporting

Internet Printing

Prerequisites

Installing a Printer from a Web Page

Information Displays in HTML

Security for Internet Printing

Earlier Network-Interface ronting

Prerequisites

Creating a Port

Working with Other Operating Systemsl

Printing from Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Clientsl

Innting from Other Microsoft Print Clients

Required Redirectors

Output Destination Rules

Printing with UNIX Clients and Servers UsingPR/LPD

Printing Documents Received Through thePD Utility

Sending Documents Through thePR Utility

bonting with NetWare Clients and Servers

Printing Documents from NetWare Clients

Sending Documents to a NetWare Network

Printing with Macintosh Clients and AppleTalk Printers

Printing Documents from Macintosh Clients

Sending Documents over AppleTalk

Printing and Active Directory

Printing and Directory Service Overview

Publishing Windows 2000 Printers

PUblishing Mechanism

Pruning Orphans

Sites Without Domain Controllers

Supporting Non-Windows 2000 Printers

Group Policy Settings

Printerocation Tracking

Printing and Clusters

Creating the SpooIer

Prerequisites

Specifying the Resource

lnstalling Printing ComPonents

Adding a Printer to a Cluster

What HaPPens, at Failover

Monitoring Printer Performance

Using System Monitor

Auditing Printing Events

Logging Spooler Events

UtiIities

rundIl32

PrnAdndn

Part 2 PerfOrmance Monitorino

Chapter 5 verview of PerfOrmance Monitoring

PerfOrmance Monitoring Concepts

Scope of Performance Data

Thrughput Dfined

Queue Defined

Response Time Defined

Data Collection Architecture

Performance Objects

Performance Counters and Instances

Data ColIection and Reporting

Monitoring TooIs

System Monitor

Starting System Monitor

Working with System Monitor

Getting the Most from System Monitor

Performanceogs and Alert

Stariing Performanceogs and Alerts

gs and Alerts

Working withogs and Alerts

Getting the Most frOm Performanceogs and Alerts

Task Manager

ComPedson with System Monitor

Starting Task Manager

Working with Task Manager

Monitoring PrOcesses

Monitoring the System

Resource Kit Performance Tools

Starting Your Monitoring Routine

Your Minimum Monitoring Configuration

Establishing the Baseline

Analyzing Monitoring Results

Identifying Potential Bottlenecks

lnvestigating Bottlenecks

Troubleshooting Problems with Performance Tools

Investigating Zero Values

Investigating Other Issues with Performance Tools

Controlling Performance Monitoring O\!erhead

Specific Monitoring Scenarios

Monitoring Remote ComPuters

Methods of Monitoring

Security Issues

Monitoring Servers and Services

Characterizing Server Workload

Establishing a Baseline on Server ComPuters

Upgrading Servers and CaPacity Planning

Monitoringegacy Applications

Monitoring -bit Windows 2000 Applications

Running-bit Windows 2000 Applications in a Separate Process

Monitoring MS-DOS Applications

Integrating the System Monitor Control into Office and Other APplications

Placing the Control in an Office Document or on a Web Page

Formatting the Control in a Document

Chapter 6 Evaluating Memory and Cache Usage

Overview of Memory Monitoring

Detendning the Amount of Installed Memory

Understanding Memory and the File System Cache

OptiInizing Your Memory Configuration

Adjusting Paging File Size

Establishing a Baseline for Memory

Virtual Memory Usage

Default Services Memory ConsumPtionl

Investigating Memory Problems

Investigating Memory Shortages

Investigating Disk Paging

Confindng Hard Page Faults

Assessing the Effect of Page Faults on the Disk

Investigating User-Mode Memoryeaks

Identifying a Memoryeak

Memoryeaks and the Nonpaged Pool

Investigating Kernel-Mode Memoryeaks

Monitoring the Cache

Understanding the Cache Counters

Interpreting Changes in Cache Counter Values

Resolving Memory and Cache Bottlenecks

Optindzing Cache Usage

Resolving a Memory Bottleneck

Additional Resources

Chapter 7 AnaIyzing Processor Activity

Overview of Processor Monitoring and Analysis

Processor Counters

Resource Kit Tools for Processor Monitoring

Establishing a Baseline for Processor Performance

Selecting Counters for Baseline Monitoring

Selecting Times fOr Baseline Monitoring

Recognizing a Processor Bottleneck

Exandning the Processor Time Counter

Observing Processor Queueength

Monitoring Interrupts

Monitoring Context Switches

Processes in a Bottleneck

Identifying Active Processes

Isolating Processor-Intensive Workloads

Reducing Single-Process Bottlenecks

Observing Processor Consumption by Multiple Processes

Threads in a Bottleneck

Single vs. Multiple Threads in a Bottleneck

Charting Processor Usage Per Thread

Context Switches

User Mode and Privileged Mode

Advanced Topic: Changing Thread Priority to ImProve Performance

Exandning and Adjusting Thread Priority

Priority Class and Priority

Thread Scheduling

Detendning and Tuning Priority

System Monitor

Task Manager

Process Viewer

Start Command

Windows 2000 Configuration and Process Priority

Testing Priority Changes

Elindnating a Processor Bottleneck

Additional Resources

ChaPter 8 Examining and Tuning Disk Performance

Disk Monitoring Concepts

Configuring the Disk and File System for PerfOrmance

Configuring Your File System

Bypassing I/O Counts

Configuring Disk Alignment

Working with Disk Counters

Monitoring Disk Space

Monitoring Disk Effciency

Preparing fOr Comparison Testing

Testing Maximum Throughput

Testing Reading vs. Writing

Establishing a Baseline for Disk Usage

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Investigating Disk PerfOrmance Problems

Monitoring Paging

Monitoring Usage

Monitoring Queueength

Resolving Disk Bottlenecks

Evaluating Cache and Disk Usage by Applications

Random and Sequential Data Access

I/O Request Size

Investigating Disk Usage by Applications

ChaPter 9 Monitoring NatWork Performance

Introduction to Network Performance Analysis

Tools for Monitoring Network PerfOrmance

System Monitor

Network Counters

Traceogs

Network Monitor

Network Monitor Features

Installing Network Monitor

Capturing Frame Data

Displaying Captured Data

Reviewing Captured Data

Network Monitor PerfOrmance Issues

Resolving Network Bottlenecks

Adding Network Adapters

ChaPter10 Measuring Multiprocessor System Activity

Overview of SMP Performance and Monitoring

Benefits of Scaling

Analyzing Performance on SMP Systems

SMP Impact on System Resources

Monitoring Activity on Multiprocessor Systems

Examining Processor Time Data

Observing Processor Queueength

Analyzing Intemipt and DPC Activity

Monitoring Context Switches and Threads

Optimizing and Tuning Multiprocessor Installations

Thread Partitioning

DPC (Software Intemipt) Partitioning

Hardware Intenupt Partitioning

Bypassing I/O Counts

Upgrading or Adding Processors

Application Design and Multiprocessor Performance

Networkoad Balancing and Scaling

Part 3 System Recovery

Chapter11 PIanning a ReIiabIe Configuration

Planning Considerations

Approaches to Planning

System Maintenance

Planning for Security

Hardware and Software Upgrades

Contingency Planning

Disaster Planning

Assessing the Probability of Failure

Estimating Replacement Costs

Planning Tasks

Maintaining Configuration and System Information

Developing a Recovery Plan

Teshng Your System fOr Possible Problems

Testing Recovery Procedures

Documenting Recovery Procedures

fraining Personnel for Recovery

Creating a Set of Windows 2000 Setup Floppy Disks

Creating a Windows 2000 Startup Floppy Disk

Planning a Fault-Tolerant Disk Configuration

Dynandc Disks and Disk Groups

Converting Basic Disks to Dynandc Disks

Moving Disks

Connecting New Disks to a Computer

Importing Foreign Disks

Simple Volumes

Spanned Volumes

Striped Volumes

Striped Volumes

Mirrored Volumes

Advantages of Mirrored Volumes

Disadvantages of Mirrored Volumes

RAID- Volumes

Advantages of RAID- Volumes

Disadvantages of RAID- Volumes

Configuring and Using Mirmred Volumes and RAID- Volumes

Creating a Mirmred Volume or RAID- Volume

Configuring the System Partition on a Mirmred Volume

Guidelines for Configuring Mass Storage

Using Mirrored and RAID- Volumes

Fault-Tolerant Hardware Versus Software

Testing a Fault-Tolerant System

Avoiding Single Points of Failure

Avoiding Computer Cotoponent Failure

Motherboard and Central Processing Unit

RAM

Video Cards

Disks and Disk Controllers

Network Cards

Using an Unintenuptible Power Supply

Avoiding Disruptions to Network Connections

Network Cabling

Intermediary Devices

Extemal Network Connections

Additional Resources

Chapter12 Backup

Overview of Backups

Backup Types

Storage Devices and Media

Storage Devices

Media Types

Backup Strategies

Security Considerations

Backup and Restore Rights

Granting Rights atarge Sites

File PerInissions

Storing Backup Media

. Establishing a Backup Plan

Backup Scenarios

Small and MediumANs

Methods for -Hour Operations or Veryarge Backups

Establishing a Backup Schedule

Twelve-Week Schedule

Twelve-Month Schedule

Developing Backup and Restore Procedures

Considerations for Developing Procedures

Testing Backup-and-Restore Procedures

Documenting Backup-and-Restore Procedures

Conducting Verify Operations

Backing Up System State Data

Boot and System Files

Active Directory

Certificate Services Information

Cluster Database

Registry

Performance Counter Configuration

Component Services Class Registration Database

Using Backup

Selecting Backup Type

Selecting Backup Media

Files Skipped During Backup

Files Skipped by Default

Locked Files

Encrypted Files

Backing Up Files on Yourocal Computer

Logon Scripts

User Data

Application Programs

Archived Data

Backing Up Files on Remote Computers

Backing Up Windows 2000 Services and NTFS Features

Remote Storage Considerations

Backing Up Remote Storage Databases

Protecting Remote Storage Media

Remote Storage Self Backup

Exchange Database

Bacldng up Exchange

Restoring Exchange

SQL Database Backup

Logical Volume Information

ChaPter 13 Repair, Recovery, and Restore

Repairing a Windows 2000 Installation

Using the Recovery Console

Starting the Recovery Console

Supported Commands

Replacing the Registry Using the Recovery Console

Recreating Boot.ini Using the Recovery Console

Using the Emergency Repair Disk

Creating the Emergency Repair Disk

Emergency Recovery Process

If the Emergency Repair Process Does Not Fix Your System

Restoring System State Data

Restoring the Registry

Restoring Data

Restoring Files from Third-Party Backup Programs

Restoring File Security Settings

Recovering Your Disk Configuration

Recovering a Mirrored or RAID- Volume

Recovering a Mirrored Volume

Repairing a Basic Mirrored Volume

Replacing a Failed Mirror

Breaking a Mirmred Volume

Deleting Mirrored Volumes on a Basic Disk

ResynchrOnizing Mirrored Volumes

Removing Mirrored Volumes

Recovering a RAID- Volume

Replacing a Stripe in the RAID- Volume

Deleting a RAID- Volume on a Basic Disk

Repairing a RAID- Volume on a Basic Disk

Recovering Data in Remote Storage

Using Rstore.exe

Restoring the Remote Storage and Removable Storage Databases

Restoring the Removable Storage Databases

Restoring the Remote Storage Database After Completely Reinstalling

Windows 2000

Restoring a Damaged Remote Storage Database

Recovering Managed Files

Recovering from Bad Media

Additional Resources

Part 4 TroubIeshooting

Chapter 14 Troubleshooting Strategies

Technical Support and Services

Project Ascent

Other Resources

Troubleshooting Tools for Windows 2000

System Information

System InfOrmation Categories

Tools Menu

Device Manager

AVBoot

System File Checker

Windows 2000 Update

NetDiag

IPConfig

NBTStat

PathPing

IPSecMon

Troubleshooting Options

Stop Messages

Event Viewer

Eventogs

Event Descriptions

Viewing Events

Error and Event Messages Help

System Monitor

Troubleshooters

Anowledge Base

Windows 2000 Registry

Registry Editors

Updating Registry Information

Troubleshooting with the Registry

HKEYOCAL MACHINE\SYSTEM

Using theastKnownGood Configuration

Select Subkey

Finding Service and Device Dependencies

Troubleshooting Suggestions

Keep Records

KeeD Notes

Refer to Documentation

Finding Information About the Problem

Setting up the System for Further Troubleshooting

Local Stop File Creation

Sending the Dump File to Product Support Services

Troubleshooting Techniques

Follow the System Checklist

Analyzing Symptom and Factors

Checking for Conunon Issues

Isolating the Source of the Problem

Troubleshooting Ideas

Test the Affected Feature

Developing an Action Plan

Contacting Technical Support Services

Troubleshooting Hardware Problems

Hardware Compatibilityist

Other Approaches to Troubleshooting Hardware Problems

Troubleshooting Specific Problems

Troubleshooting Setup

Troubleshooting Stop Messages

Troubleshooting the Startup Process

Troubleshooting Networking Ptoblems

Troubleshooting Video Problems

Troubleshooting Services and Drivers

Troubleshooting Problems with Portable Computers

Additional Resources

Chapter 15 Startup Process

Windows 2000 Startup Requirements

Starting Windows 2000

Power-On Self Test Process

Initial Startup Process

Bootstrapoader Process

Signature() Syntax

NTLDR

Selecting the Operating System

Boot．ini SwitChes

Editing Boot．ini

Detecting Hardware

goading and Inltlalizing the Kemel

Selecting the Control Set

Loading Device Dnvers

Initializing Device Driers

Error Processing

Logging On to Windows 2000

Troubleshooting Startup Problems

Doblem Occurs Before the pootstrap Loader Starts

Doblem Occurs After the pootstrap Loader Starts

Hardware Problems

OptlonstoUsewhen asystemDoes Notstart

Safe Mode

Recovery Console

Emergency Repair Disk

Additional Resources

Chapter l6 Windows 2000 Stop Messages

System Messages

Stop Messages

Stop Message Screen Sections

Bugcheck Information

Recommended User Action

Debug Port Information

Types of stop pessages

General Stop Messages

Stop Messages guring Installation

Stop Messages That Occur Only at Executive Initialization

Stop Messages Caused be Software Traps

Troubleshooting Stop Messages

Generic Troubleshooting Procedures

Troubleshooting Common Stop Messages

Stop 0x0000000A or IRQLNOTLESSOREQUAL

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x0000001E or KMODEEXCEPTIONNOWHANDLED

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x00000024 or NTFSFILESYSTEM

IntelPreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x0000002E or DATABUSERROR

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x00000050 or PAGEFAULTINNONPAGEDAREA

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x00000077 or KERNELSTACKINPAGEERROR

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x00000079 or MISMATCHEDHAL

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x0000007A or KERNELDATAINPAGHERROR

Interpreting the gessage

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLEBOOTDEVICE

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0x0000007F or UNEXPECTEDKERNELMODETRAP

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0xC00002lA or STATUSSYSTEMPROCESSWERMINATEDI

Interpreting the Message

Resolving the Problem

Stop 0xC0000221 or STATUSIMAGHCHECKSUMMISMATCH

Resolving the Problem

Hardware Malfunction Messages

Additional Resources

Gossary