葛传椝英语写作

CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1. Composition and Compositions

2. Purpose of This Book

3. Your Advantage

4. Your Special Difficulties

5. Rhetoric CHAPTER II MECHANICS OF COMPOSITION

6. Materials

7. One Side or Two Sides?

8. Margins

9. Spacing

10. Titles

11. Paging

12. Folding

13. Endorsing

14. Spelling

15. Syllabication

16. Underlining

17. Italics

18. Omissions, Corrections, and Insertions

19. A Warning CHAPTER III LEARNING TO WRITE

20. Something to Say

21. How to Say It

22. A Consolation

23. Others May Have Said It before You

24. What to Read

25. How to Read

26. Some Dictionaries Recommended

27. Self-cultivation

28. Writing from Memory

29. Imitation, Conscious and Unconscious

30. Reading Dictionaries

31. Expressing Another Person’s Thoughts

32. Paraphrasing Sentences

33. Suggestions for Paraphrasing

34. Paraphrasing Paragraphs

35. Paraphrasing Verse

36. Condensing

37. Various Degrees of Condensation

38. Suggestions for Condensing

39. Using Materia1 in Han

40. Expressing Your Own Thoughts

41. Keeping a Diary

42. Choosing a Subject

43. Choosing a Title

44. Taking Notes

45. Making an Outline

46. Note-taking and Outline-making in the Head

47. Making Outlines of What You Read

48. Expanding an Outline

49. Practice in Composition CHAPTER IV WRITING CORRECTLY

50. What is Correct English?

51. Usage

52. Present-day Usage

53. Neologisms

54. English and American Usage

55. Good Usage

56. Expressions Outside of Good Usage

57. Colloquialisms Etc in Written English

58. You are Quite Safe

59. How You Violate Usage CHAPTER V WRITING CORRECTLY (Continued)

60. Grammar

61. Idiom

62. Grammar and Idiom

63. About the Study of Grammar

64. About the Study of Idiom

65. Some Books Recommended

66. Make Your Own Dictionary of Usage

67. Exercises in Grammar

68. Proper Nouns Used as Common Nouns

69. Nouns Used as Adjectives

70. Singulars and Plurals

71. Nouns Singular Only

72. Nouns Plural Usually or Plural Only

73. Nouns Plural in a Special Usage

74. Nouns of Multitude

75. Abstract Nouns in Plural

76. Material Nouns in Plural

77. Nouns Ending in”-ics”

78. Some Miscellaneous Nouns

79. Numerals in Plural

80. Number in Nouns Used as Adjectives

81. Number and Articles

82. Plural Subject with Singular Verb

83. Some Knotty Points of Number

84. Gender and Sex

85. Male or Female Beings Considered Neuter

86. Animals Considered Masculine or Feminine Without Reference to Sex

87. Sexless Things Considered Masculine or Feminine

88. Masculine and Feminine Nouns Used as Nouns of Common Gender

89. Feminine Nouns Ending in “-ess”

90. Nouns Ending in “-man”

91. Words of Common Gender Made Masculine or Feminine

92. Gender and Number

93. Possessive Case and Of-phrase

94. Subjective and Objective Meanings

95. Possessive Plurals

96. Noun Phrases and Possessive Case

97. “’S” Repeated and “Of” Repeated

98. Possessive Case and Lifeless Things

99. Idiomatic Uses of Possessive Case

100. Noun Omitted after Possessive

101. “Of” before Possessive

102. One Noun in Two Cases

103. Pronoun and its Antecedent

104. Lack of a Common-gender Third-person-singular Pronoun

105. A Question of Person

106. Case in Pronouns

107. Objective Used as Predicate Nominative

108. Interrogative “Who” Used as Objective

109. Relative “Whom” Used as Nominative

110. “Whom” Used after “Than”

111. Nominative or Objective after “But”?

112. A Curious Case of Agreement

113. National, Editorial, and Generic Uses of “We”

114. Generic Use of “You” and “Your”

115. Indefinite Use of “They”

116. Generic Use of “One” and “One’s”

117. Idiomatic Uses of “It”

118. Two Distinct Constructions of “It ... That”

119. Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses

120. The Relative Pronouns “Who”, “Which”, and “That”

121. Three Points of Choice between “Who(m)” and “Which”

122. Two Relative Clauses Linked by “And” or “But”

123. Omission of Relative Pronouns

124. “Which” without Definite Antecedent

125. “As” as Relative Pronoun

126. “Who” as Indefinite Relative Pronoun

127. “What” Preceding Statement

128. “One Another” and “Each Other”

129. Adjectives Used as Nouns

130. Exact Senses of Adjectives

131. A Curious Point about Comparatives

132. Two Curious Uses of Superlatives

133. “A Most” Followed by Adjective

134. “Worth” Taking an Object

135. “The Matter”

136. “Nothing Much”

137. Articles

138. “A” and Abstract Nouns

139. Some Words Often Mistaken for Abstract Nouns

140. Generic Use of Articles

141. Position of “A” (or “An”)

142. “The” Giving Common Noun Abstract Sense

143. Articles and Proper Nouns

144. Omission of Articles

145. Repetition of Articles

143. Final Remarks on Articles

147. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

148. Absolute Use of Transitive Verbs

149. Copulative Verbs

150. Factitive Verbs

151. Verbs Taking Double Object

152. Tense and Time

153. Present Tense Referring to Future

154. Present Tense Referring to Past

155. Past Tense Referring to Future

156. Present Perfect Tense vs Past Tense

157. Past Perfect Tense

158. Perfect Tense vs Factitive “Have” with Past Participle as Complement

159. Continuous Tenses

160. “Always” with Continuous Tenses

161. “Be” in Continuous Tenses

162. “Used” Followed by Infinitive

163. “Be” Followed by Infinitive

164. “Have” Followed by Infinitive

165. Infinitive without “to”

166. Split Infinitives

167. “To” Standing for Infinitive

168. “To” Followed by Gerund

169. Infinitive or Gerund?

170. “Enough” Qualified by Infinitive

171. “Too” Qualified by Infinitive

172. Active and Passive Infinitives

173. Active and Passive Gerunds

174. Gerunds Used as Adjectives

175. Gerund and Possessive

176. Fused Participles

177. Present Participle Separated from Subject by Predicate Verb

178. Unattached Participles

179. Intransitive Past Participles Used as Adjectives

180. “Shall” and “Will”, “Should” and “Would”

181. Subjunctive Mood

182. Sequence of Tenses

183. “The” as Adverb

184. Double Adverbial “The”

185. Quasi-adverbs

186. Prepositions

187. Idiomatic Uses of Prepositions

188. Prepositions before Particular Nouns

189. Prepositions after Particular Words

190. Omission of Prepositions

191. Prepositions Governing Words Other than Nouns and Pronouns

192. That-clause in Apposition to Nouns

193. That-clause Qualifying Adjectives and Past Participles

194. That-clause Used after Verbs

195. That-clause Qualifying “So” and “Such”

196. Idiomatic Uses of “That”

197. Omission of “That”

198. “And” Expressing Result

199. “Or” Meaning Otherwise

200. Idiomatic Uses of “If”

201. “Than” with Ellipsis

202. “When” as Relative Conjunction

203. “As Well As”

204. “Though ... Yet ...”

205. Indirect Questions

206. Negative Inversion

CHAPTER VI WRITING WELL

207. What is Good Writing?

208. Superstitions

209. Diction and Sentence Structure

210. The Exact word

211. Specific and General Words

212. Plain and Pretentious Words

213. Idiomatic Phrases and Idiomatic Uses of Plain Words

214. “Fine Writing”

215. Hackneyed Phrases

216. Words Used Too Often

217. Economy of Words

218. Periodic and Loose Sentences

219. Qualities of a Good Sentence

220. Unity

221. Coherence

222. Emphasis

223. Euphony CHAPTER VII PARAGRAPHS

224. What is a Paragraph?

225. Length of Paragraphs

226. Paragraphs and Outline

227. Topic Sentence

228. Paragraph Development

229. Qualities of a Good Paragraph

230. Transition between Paragraphs Chapter VIII FORMS OF COMPOSITION

231. Narrations, Description, Exposition and Argument

232. Point of View in Narration

233. What Tense to Use?

234. “Story Style” and “News Style”

235. Plain Account of Events

236. Artistic, Practical, and Scientific Description

237. Avoid “Fine Writing”