This book is focused on fundamental aspects of climate variability in the ocean， in particular changes of the wind-driven circulation. The vertical movement of isopycnal （isothermal） layers， including their stretching and compression， is called heaving and stretching. A major part of climate vanability in the ocean is heaving in nature. Heave is primarily associated with the adiabatic motions of isopycnal layers due to change of wind stress. It is rather difficult to separate the contributions from adiabatic and diabatic processes.Isopycnal analysis has been widely used in climate study； however， it is much more accurate to study the isopycnal layers.-Here climate signals are examined in terms of changes of layer depth， layer thickness， layer temperature/salinity， spicity and others.In addition to the traditional Theta-S diagram， the sigma-pi （potential density - potential ispicity） diagram-can also be used in anatyzing water mass property distribution and climate variability. In fact， a radius of signal ...
