科技交流实践教程（第六版 英文版）

CHAPTER 1 Process in Technical Communication 2

Defining Technical Communication 3

Features of Academic Writing 5

Features of Technical Communication 4

Determining the Purpose 8

Analyzing Your Readers 12

Obstacles for Readers 12

Ways to Understand Readers I$

Types of Readers 14

Collecting Information 16

Completing an Outline 18

Writing Initial Drafts 22

Revising Drafts 22

Writing in Groups 24

Benefits and Drawbacks of Group Writing 24

Guidelines for Group Writing 25

Chapter Summary 29

Learning Portfolio 30

Communication Challenge-"A Group Project Gone Bad" 30

Collaboration at Work 32

Assignments 33

CHAPTER 2 McDuff, Inc.: Ethics and Globalism

in the Workplace 58

Corporate Culture in the New Century 39

Elements of a Company's Culture 39

The Search for Quality 40

The Global Workplace 41

Strategies for Understanding Cultures 41

Strategies for Communicating Internationally 44

Ethics on the Job 45

Ethical Guidelines for Work 46

Ethics and Legal Issues in Writing 47

Background and Types of Projects 50

History of McDuff, Inc 50

Projects 5l

Corporate and Branch Offices 52

Headquarters 52

Branches 55

Writing at McDuff 58

Examples of Internal Writing 58

Examples of External Writing 59

Chapter Summary 59

Leaning Portfolio 61

Communication challenge--"McDufJ's Moscow Buyout: Global Dilemmas" 61

Collaboration at Work 65

Assignments 64

CHAPTER 5 Organizing Information 78

Importance of Organization 79

Three Principles of Organization 80

ABC Format for Documents 84

Document Abstrad: The "Big Picture" for Decision-Makers 84

Document Body: Details for All Readers 85

Document Conclusion: Wrap-Up Leading to Next Step 86

Tips for Organizing Sections and Paragraphs 87

Document Section 87

Paragraphs 88

Chapter Summary 89

Leaning Portfolio 90

Communication Challenge--"Telecommuting: The Last Frontier?" 90

Collaboration at Work 95

Assignments 94

Models for Good Writing 99

Model 3-1: ABC format in whole document 99

Model 3-2:/IBC format in document section lO1

Model 3-3: ABC format in paragraphs 102

CHAPTER 4 Page Design 104

Guidelines for Page Design 105

Paper 105

White Space 106

Headings 109

Lists 114

In-Text Emphasis 115

Fonts and Color 116

Size of Type 116

Font Types 116

Color 118

Computers in the Writing Process 118

Using Computers to Plan 118

Using Computers to Draft 119

Using Computers to Revise 119

Problems to Avoid 121

Chapter Summary 122

Learning Porttolio 123

Communk:ation Challenge-"The SL Paul Style Guide: Trouble in tile River City"

CoJJaboration atWork 125

AssignmenU 126

Models for Good Writing 130

Model 4-1: Page design in memorandum 130

CHAPTER 5 Patterns of Organization 152

Argument 135

Short Cases from McDuff: Argument 134

Guidelines for Writing Argument 135

Example of Argument 137

Definition 137

Short Cases from McDuff: Definitions 138

Guidelines for Writing Definitions 139

Example of Expanded Definition 142

Description 142

Short Cases from McDuff: Descriptions 143

Guidelines for Writing Descriptions 143

Examples of Description 145

Classification/Division 146

Short Cases from McDuff: Classification/Division 146

Guidelines for Classification 147

Example of Classification 148

Guidelines for Division 149

Example of Division 150

Comparison/Contrast 151

Short Cases from McDuff: Comparison/Contrast 151

Guidelines for Comparison/Contrast 151

Example of Comparison/Contrast 153

Chapter Summary 153

Learning Portfolio 155

Communication Challenge-"A Dome Gone South: Argument in Action" 155

Collaboration atWork 157

Assignments 158

Models for Good Writing 164

Model 5-1: Memo report-example using argument 164

Model 5-2: Detailed description (with definition included) 166

Model 5-5: Technical description (with definition included): Bunsen burner 168

Model 5-4: Part-by-part comparison/contrast: three bulldozers 171

CHAPTER 6 Process Descriptions and instrudions 174

Process Descriptions Versus Instructions 175

Process Descriptions at McDuff 175

Instructions at McDuff 176

Guidelines for Process Descriptions 177

Guidelines for Instructions 181

Chapter Summary 186

tearnin9 Portfolio 188

Communication Challenge--"McDuff's Home of Hope: The Good, the Bad,

and the Ugly?" 188

Collaboration at Work 190

Assignments 191

Models for Good Writing 197

Model 6-h McDuff process description: electronic mail 197

Model 6-2: McDuff instructions: electronic mail 198

Model 6-3: Process description 200

Model 6-4: A McDuff process description with a flowchart (both are included in an

appendix to a report to a dient) 201

Model 6-5: Instructions for making travel arrangements (McDuff's departed Baltimore

travel coordinator left a narrative description of the procedure be followed ]original

version], which was then reformatted and edited [revised version]) 202

Model 6-6: McDuff memo containing how-to instructions for a phone message recorder

!

(rewritten from manufacturer's difficult-to-follow instructions) 204

CHAPTER 7 Letters, Memos, and Eiedronic Communication 208

General Guidelines for Letters and Memos 209

Specific Guidelines for Letters and Memos 214

Positive Letters 215

Negative Letters 216

Neutral Letters 217

Sales Letters 219

Memoranda 220

Email 222

Appropriate Use and Style of Email 222

ABC Format for Email 225

Guidelines for Email 224

Chapter Summary 228

Learning Portfolio 229

Communication Challenge-"Ethk:s and Sales Letters" 229

Collaboration at Work 251

Assignments 251

Models for Good Writing 239

Model 7-1: McDuff sample letter 239

Model 7-2: McDuff sample memo 240

Model 7-5: Block Style for letters 242

Model 7-4: Modified block style (with indented paragraphs) for letters 243

Model 7-5: Simplified style for letters 244

Model 7-6: Memo slyle 245

Model 7-7: Positive letter in block style 246

Model 7-8: Negative letter in modified block style (with indented paragraphs) 247

Model 7-9: Neutral letter (invitation) in block style 248

Model 7-10: Neutral letter (placing order) in simplified style 249

Model 7-11: Sales letter in simplified style 250

Model 7-12: Memorandum: changes in procedures 251

Model 7-13: Memorandum: changes in benefits 252

Model 7-14: Simple email message 253

CHAPTER 8 Informal Reports 254

When to Use Informal Reports 255

Letter Reports at McDuff 255

Memo Reports at McDuff 256

General Guidelines for Informal Reports 257

Specific Guidelines for Five Informal Reports 261

Problem Analyses 261

Recommendalion Reports 262

Equipment Evaluations 264

Progress/Periodic Reports 265

Lab Reports 266

Chapter Summary 268

Learnin9 Portfolio 269

Communication Challenge-'A Nonprofit Job: Good Deed or

Questionable Ethics?" 269

Collaboration at Work 271

Assignments 271

Models for Good Writing 280

Model 8-1: Recommendation report (letter format) 280

Model 8-2: Equipment evaluation (memo formaO 282

Model 8-5: Problem analysis (memo formaO 284

Model 8-4: Progress report (memo format) 286

Model 8-5: Periodic report (memo format) 288

Model 8-6: Lab report (letter format) 289

CHAPTER 9 Formal Reports 292

When to Use Formal Reports 293

Strategy for Organizing Formal Reports 295

Guidelines for the Eight Parts of Formal Reports 296

Cover/7itle Page 297

Letter/Memo of Transmittal 297

Table of Contents 298

List of lUustrafions $00

Executive Summary 300

Introduction 501

Discussion Sections 502

Conclusions and Recommendations 303

Formal Report Example 304

Chapter Summary 304

Learning Portfolio 305

Communication Chal[enge-'The Ethics of Clients Reviewing

Report Drafts" 305

Collaboration at Work 507

Assignments 508

Models for Good Writing 313

Model 9-1: Title page with illustration (see explanation on page 297) 313

Model 9-2: Letter of transmittal 314

Model 9-3: Memo of transmittal 315

Model 9-4: Table 5f contents (all subheadings induded) 316

Model 9-5: Table of contents (third-level subheadings omitted) 317

Model 9-6: List of illustrations-formal report 318

Model 9-7.' Executive summary-formal report 319

Model 9-8: Introduction-formal report 520

Model 9-9: Formal report 321

CHAPTER 10 Proposals and Feasibility Studies 358

Proposals and Feasibility Studies at McDuff 340

McDuff Proposals 341

McDuff Feasibility Studies 342

Guidelines for Informal Proposals 342

Guidelines for Formal Proposals .. 347

Cover/Title Page 347

Letter/Memo of Transmittal 348

Table of Contents 349

List of Illustrations 349

Executive Summary 349

Introduction 350

Discussion Sections 350

Condusion 351

Appendices 351

Guidelines for Feasibility Studies 352

Chapter Summary 354

Learning Portfolio 356

Communication Challenge-'The Black Forest Proposal: Good Marketing

or Bad Business?" 356

Collaboration at Work 558

Assignments 359

Table of Contents 298

List of lUustrafions $00

Executive Summary 300

Introduction 501

Discussion Sections 502

Conclusions and Recommendations 303

Formal Report Example 304

Chapter Summary 304

Learning Portfolio 305

Communication Chal[enge-"The Ethics of Clients Reviewing

Report Drafts" 305

Collaboration at Work 507

Assignments 508

Models for Good Writing 313

Model 9-1: Title page with illustration (see explanation on page 297) 313

Model 9-2: Letter of transmittal 314

Model 9-3: Memo of transmittal 315

Model 9-4: Table 5f contents (all subheadings induded) 316

Model 9-5: Table of contents (third-level subheadings omitted) 317

Model 9-6: List of illustrations-formal report 318

Model 9-7.' Executive summary-formal report 319

Model 9-8: Introduction-formal report 520

Model 9-9: Formal report 321

CHAPTER 10 Proposals and Feasibility Studies 358

Proposals and Feasibility Studies at McDuff 340

McDuff Proposals 341

McDuff Feasibility Studies 342

Guidelines for Informal Proposals 342

Guidelines for Formal Proposals 347

Cover/Title Page 347

Letter/Memo of Transmittal 348

Table of Contents 349

List of Illustrations 349

Executive Summary 349

Introduction 350

Discussion Sections 350

Condusion 351

Appendices 351

Guidelines for Feasibility Studies 352

Chapter Summary 354

Learning Portfolio 356

Communication Challenge-'The Black Forest Proposal: Good Marketing

or Bad Business?" 356

Collaboration at Work 558

Assignments 359

Models for Good Writing 367

Model 10-1: Letter proposal 367

Model 10-2: Memo proposal 370

Model 10-3: Formal proposal 372

Model 10-4: Formal proposal $81

Model 10-5: Feasibility study (one alternative) 402

CHAPIER 11 Web Pages and Writing for the Web 404

Your Role in Developing Web Sites and Content 405

Planning 406

Content Development 409

Content Chunking 409

Guidelines for Writing Web Content 409

Adapting Content for the Web 410

Scripting Languages and Software Authoring Tools 410

Document Conversion lssues and Common File Formats 411

Structure 412

Site Structure and Types 412

Process of Developing a Structure 413

Navigation Design 416

Guidelines for labeling 416

Grouping and Arrangement Strategies 418

Design 418

Design Conventions and Prindples 418

Finding a Theme and Developing Graphic Content 420

File Formats and Graphics 421

Interface Layouts 422

Usability and Publication 424

Testing Your Site for Your User Base 425

Performing Usability Reviews 425

Quick Usability Checks and System Settings 425

Accessibility Guidelines 428

Publishing Your Site 430

Chapter Summary 450

Learning Portfolio 431

Communication Challenge 451

Collaboration at Work 452

Assignments 455

CHAPIER 12 Graphics 456

Terms in Graphics 457

Reasons for Using Special Fonts, Color, and Graphics 458

Using Fonts 440

Font Types 441

General Guidelines 441

Using Color 443

The Cost and Time of Using Color 444

Developing a Color StvIe Sheet 444

Color Terms 446

Guidelines for Using Color 447

General Guidelines for Graphics 448

Specific Guidelines for Eight Graphics 450

Tables 450

Pie Charts 453

Bar Charts 457

Line Charts 459

Schedule Charts 462

Flowcharts 464

Organization Charts 465

Technical Drawings 468

Misuse of Graphics 473

Description of the Problem 473

Examples of Distorted Graphics 474

Chapter Summary 478

Learning Portfolio 479

Communication Challenge "Massaging McDuff's Annual Report" 479

Collaboration at Work 481

Assignments 482

CHAPTER 15 Oral Communication 486

Presentations and Your Career 487

Guidelines for Preparation and Delivery 488

Guidelines for Presentation Graphics 494

Overcoming Nervousness 497

Why Do We Fear Presentations? 497

A Strategy for Staying Calm 498

Example of McDuff Oral Presentation 500

Running Effective Meetings 504

Common Problems with Meetings 505

Guidelines for Good Meetings 505

Chapter Summary 507

Learning Portfolio 509

Communication Challenge--"Ethics and the Technical Presentation" 509

Collaboration at Work 510

Assignments 511

CHAPTER 14 Technical Research 514

Getting Started 515

Searching Online Catalogs 517

Searching in the Library 525

Library Services 525

Library Resources 525

Searching the Web 555

Fundamentals of Web Searching 533

Web Search Options 534

Using Questionnaires and Interviews 538

Questionnaires 539

Interviews 542

Using Borrowed Information Correctly 544

Avoiding Plagiarism 544

Following the Research Process 545

Selecting and Following a Documentation System 549

Varieties of Documentation 549

Writing Research Abstracts 550

Types of Abstracts 550

Guidelines for Writing Research Abstracts 554

Chapter Summary 556

Learning Portfolio 557

Communication Challenge-"To Cite or Not to Cite" 557

Collaboration at Work 558

Assignments 559

Models for Good Writing 562

Model 14-1: Memo report citing research-APA Style 562

CHAPTER 15 The Job Search 570

Researching Occupations and Companies 571

Job Correspondence 574

Job Letters 574

Resumes 576

Job Interviews 580

Preparation 580

Performance 582

Follow-Up Letters 58.5

Negotiating 584

Chapter Summary 588

Learning Portfolio 589

Communication Challenge--"20-Something-Have Degree, Won't Travel"

Collaboration at Work 591

Assignments 592

Models for Good Writing 595

Model 15-1:Job letter (modified block) and chronological resume 595

Model 15-2:Job letter (block style) and chronological resume 597

Model 15-3:Job letter (modified block) and functional resume 599

Model 15-4:Job letter (modified block) and functional resume 601

Model 15-5: Combined resume 603

Model 15-6: Combined resume 604

Model 15-7: Resume with graphics-not effective for computer scanning 605

CHAPTER 16 Style in Technical Writing 606

Overview of Style 607

Definition of Style 607

Importance of Tone 607

Writing Clear Sentences 608

Sentence Terms 608

Guidelines for Sentence Style 609

Being Concise 610

Being Accurate in Wording 614

Using the Active Voice 615

What Do Active and Passive Mean? 615

When Sbould Actives and Passives Be Used? 616

Using Nonsexist Language 617

Sexism and language 617

Techniques for Nonsexist l-anguage 617

Chapter Summary 619

tearnin9 Portfolio 621

Communication Challenge--"An Editorial Adjustment" 621

Collaboration at Work 623

Assignments 624

Appendix: Handbook 631

Index 677