编程语言：设计与实现

Preface

Language Design Issues

1.1 Why Study Programming Languages?

1.2 A Short History of Programming Languages

1.2.1 Development of Early Languages

1.2.2 Evolution of Software Architectures

1.2.3 Application Domains

1.3 Role of Programming Languages

1.3.1 What Makes a Good Language?

1.3.2 Language Paradigms

1.3.3 Language Standardization

1.3.4 Internationalization

1.4 Programming Environments

1.4.1 Effects on Language Design

1.4.2 Environment Frameworks

1.4.3 Job Control and Process Languages

1.5 C Overview

1.6 Suggestions for Further Reading

1.7 Problems

2 Impact of Machine Architectures

2.1 The Operation of a Computer

2.1.1 Computer Hardware

2.1.2 Firmware Computers

2.1.3 Translators and Virtual Architectures

2.2 Virtual Computers and Binding Times

2.2.1 Virtual Computers and Language Implementations

2.2.2 Hierarchies of Virtual Machines

2.2.3 Binding and Binding Time

2.2.4 Java Overview

2.3 Suggestions for Further Reading

2.4 Problems

3 Language Translation Issues

3.1 Programming Language Syntax

3.1.1 General Syntactic Criteria

3.1.2 Syntactic Elements of a Language

3.1.3 Overall Program-Subprogram Structure

3.2 Stages in Translation

3.2.1 Analysis of the Source Program

3.2.2 Synthesis of the Object Program

3.3 Formal Translation Models

3.3.1 BNF Grammars

3.3.2 Finite-State Automata

3.3.3 Perl Overview

3.3.4 Pushdown Automata

3.3.5 General Parsing Algorithms

3.4 Recursive Descent Parsing

3.5 Pascal Overview

3.6 Suggestions for Further Reading

3.7 Problems

4 Modeling Language Properties

4.1 Formal Properties of Languages

4.1.1 Chomsky Hierarchy

4.1.2 Undecidability

4.1.3 Algorithm Complexity

4.2 Language Semantics

4.2.1 Attribute Grammars

4.2.2 Denotational Semantics

4.2.3 ML Overview

4.2.4 Program Verification

4.2.5 Algebraic Data Types

4.3 Suggestions for Further Reading

4.4 Problems

Elementary Data Types

5.1 Properties of Types and Objects

5.1.1 Data Objects, Variables, and Constants

5.1.2 Data Types

5.1.3 Declarations

5.1.4 Type Checking and Type Conversion

5.1.5 Assignment and Initialization

5.2 Scalar Data Types

5.2.1 Numeric Data Types

5.2.2 Enumerations

5.2.3 Booleans

5.2.4 Characters

5.3 Composite Data Types

5.3.1 Character Strings

5.3.2 Pointers and Programmer-Constructed Data Objects

5.3.3 Files and Input-Output

5.4 FORTRAN Overview

5.5 Suggestions for Further Reading

5.6 Problems

Encapsulation

6.1 Structured Data Types

6.1.1 Structured Data Objects and Data Types

6.1.2 Specification of Data Structure Types

6.1.3 Implementation of Data Structure Types

6.1.4 Declarations and Type Checking for Data Structures

6.1.5 Vectors and Arrays

6.1.6 Records

6.1.7 Lists

6.1.8 Sets

6.1.9 Executable Data Objects

6.2 Abstract Data Types

6.2.1 Evolution of the Data Type Concept

6.2.2 Information Hiding

6.3 Encapsulation by Subprograms

6.3.1 Subprograms as Abstract Operations

6.3.2 Subprogram Definition and Invocation

6.3.3 Subprogram Definitions as Data Objects

6.4 Type Definitions

6.4.1 Type Equivalence

6.4.2 Type Definitions with Parameters

6.5 C++ Overview

6.6 Suggestions for Further Reading

6.7 Problems

Inheritance

7.1 Abstract Data Types Revisited

7.2 Inheritance

7.2.1 Derived Classes

7.2.2 Methods

7.2.3 Abstract Classes

7.2.4 Smalltalk Overview

7.2.5 Objects and Messages

7.2.6 Abstraction Concepts

7.3 Polymorphism

7.4 Suggestions for Further Reading

7.5 Problems

Sequence Control

8.1 Implicit and Explicit Sequence Control

8.2 Sequencing with Arithmetic Expressions

8.2.1 Tree-Structure Representation

8.2.2 Execution-Time Representation

8.3 Sequence Control Between Statements

8.3.1 Basic Statements

8.3.2 Structured Sequence Control

8.3.3 Prime Programs

8.4 Sequencing with Nonarithmetic Expressions

8.4.1 Prolog Overview

8.4.2 Pattern Matching

8.4.3 Unification

8.4.4 Backtracking

8.4.5 Resolution

8.5 Suggestions for Further Reading

8.6 Problems

9 Subprogram Control

9.1 Subprogram Sequence Control

9.1.1 Simple Call-Return Subprograms

9.1.2 Recursive Subprograms

9.1.3 The Pascal Forward Declaration

9.2 Attributes of Data Control

9.2.1 Names and Referencing Environments

9.2.2 Static and Dynamic Scope

9.2.3 Block Structure

9.2.4 Local Data and Local Referencing Environments

9.3 Parameter Transmission

9.3.1 Actual and Formal Parameters

9.3.2 Methods for Transmitting Parameters

9.3.3 Transmission Semantics

9.3.4 Implementation of Parameter Transmission

9.4 Explicit Common Environments

9.4.1 Dynamic Scope

9.4.2 Static Scope and Block Structure

9.5 Suggestions for Further Reading

9.6 Problems

10 Storage Management

10.1 Elements Requiring Storage

10.2 Programmer- and System-Controlled Storage

10.3 Static Storage Management

10.4 Heap Storage Management

10.4.1 LISP Overview

10.4.2 Fixed-Size Elements

10.4.3 Variable-Size Elements

10.5 Suggestions for Further Reading

10.6 Problems

11 Distributed Processing

11.1 Variations on Subprogram Control

11.1.1 Exceptions and Exception Handlers

11.1.2 Coroutines

11.1.3 Scheduled Subprograms

11.2 Parallel Programming

11.2.1 Concurrent Execution

11.2.2 Guarded Commands

11.2.3 Ada Overview

11.2.4 Tasks

11.2.5 Synchronization of Tasks

11.3 Hardware Developments

11.3.1 Processor Design

11.3.2 System Design

11.4 Software Architecture

11.4.1 Persistent Data and Transaction Systems

11.4.2 Networks and Client-Server Computing

11.5 Suggestions for Further Reading

11.6 Problems

12 Network Programming

12.1 Desktop Publishing

12.1.1 LATEX Document Preparation

12.1.2 WYSIWYG Editors

12.1.3 Postscript

12.1.4 Postscript Virtual Machine

12.2 The World Wide Web

12.2.1 The Internet

12.2.2 CGI Scripts

12.2.3 Java Applets

12.2.4 XML

12.3 Suggestions for Further Reading

12.4 Problems

A Language Summaries

A.1 Ada

A.I.1 Data Objects

A.l.2 Sequence Control

A.2 C

A.2.1 Data Objects

A.2.2 Sequence Control

A.3 C++

A.3.1 Data Objects

A.3.2 Sequence Control

A.4 FORTRAN

A.4.1 Data Objects

A.4.2 Sequence Control

A.5 Java

A.5.1 Data Objects

A.5.2 Sequence Control

A.6 LISP

A.6.1 Data Objects

A.6.2 Sequence Control

A.7 ML

A.7.1 Data Objects

A.7.2 Sequence Control

A.8 Pascal

A.8.1 Data Objects

A.8.2 Sequence Control

A.9 Peri

A.9.1 Data Objects

A.9.2 Sequence Control

A.10 Postscript

A.10.1 Data Objects

A.10.2 Painting Commands

A.11 Prolog

A.11.1 Data Objects

A.11.2 Sequence Control

A.12 Smalltalk

A.12.1 Data Objects

A.12.2 Sequence Control

A.13 Suggestions for Further Reading

References

Index