计算机网络与因特网

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Growth Of Computer Networking

1.2 Complexity In Network Systems

1.3 Mastering The Complexity

1.4 Concepts And Terminology

1.5 Organization Of The Text

1.6 Summary

PART I Data Transmission

Chapter 2 Transmission Media

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Copper Wires

2.3 Glass Fibers

2.4 Radio

2.5 Microwave

2.6 Infrared

2.7 Laser

2.8 Summary

Chapter 3 Local Asynchronous Communication

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Need For Asynchronous Communication

3.3 Using Electric Current To Send Bits

3.4 Standards For Communication

3.5 Asynchronous character Transmission With RS-232

3.6 Baud Rate ,Framing ,And Errors

3.7 Full Duplex Asynchronous Communication

3.8 Limitations Of Real Hardware

3.9 Hardware Bandwidth And The Transmission Of Bits

3.10 Summary

Chapter 4 Long-Distance Communication (Carriers And Modems)

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sending Signals Across Long Distances

4.3 Modem Hardware Used For Modulation And Demodulation

4.4 Leased Serial Data Circuits

4.5 Optical ,Radio ,And Dialup Modems

4.6 Carrier Frequencies And Multiplexing

4.7 Time Division Multiplexing

4.8 Summary

PART II Packet Transmission

Chapter 5 Packets,Frames,And Error Detection

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Concept Of Packets

5.3 packets And Time-Division Multiplexing

5.4 Packets And Hardware Frames

5.5 Byte Stuffing

5.6 Transmission Errors

5.7 Parity Bits And Parity Checking

5.8 Probability,Mathematics,And Error Detection

5.9 Detecting Errors With Checksums

5.10 Detecting Errors With Cyclic Redundancy Checks

5.11 Combining Building Blocks

5.12 Frame Format And Error Detection Mechanisms

5.13 Summary

Chapter 6 LAN Technologies And Network Topology

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Direct Point-to-Point Communication

6.3 Shared Communication Channels

6.4 Significance Of LANs And Locality Of Reference

6.5 LAN Topologies

6.6 Example Bus Network:Ethernet

6.7 Carrier Sense On Multi-Access Networks(CSMA)

6.8 Collision Detection And Backoff(CSMA/CD)

6.9 Another Example Bus Network:LocalTalk

6.10 Example Ring Network:IBM Token Ring

6.11 Another Example Ring Network :FDDL

6.12 Example Star Network:ATM

6.13 Summary

Chapter 7 Hardware Addressing And Frame Type Identification

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Specifying A Recipient

7.3 How LAN Hardware Uses Addresses To Filter Packets

7.4 Format Of A Physical Address

7.5 Broadcasting And A Broadcast Address

7.6 Identifying Packet Contents

7.7 Frame Headers And Frame Format

7.8 An Example Frame Format

7.9 Using Networks That Do Not Have Self0identifying Frames

7.10 Network Analyzers,Physical Addresses,Frame Types

7.11 Summary

7.12 Ethernet Address Assignment

Chapter 8 LAN Wiring ,Physical Topology ,And Interface Hardware

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Speeds Of LANs And Computers

8.3 Network Interface Hardware

8.4 The Connection Between A NIC And A Network

8.5 Original Thick Ethernet Wiring

8.6 Connection Multiplexing

8.7 Thin Ethernet Wiring

8.8 Twisted Pair Ethernet

8.9 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wiring Schemes

8.10 The Topology paradox

8.11 Network Interface Cards And Wiring Schemes

8.12 Wiring Schemes And Other Network Technologies

8.13 Summary

Chapter 9 Extending LANs:Fiber Modems,Repeaters,Bridges,and Switches

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Distance Limitation And LAN Design

9.3 Fiber Optic Extensions

9.4 Repeaters

9.5 Bridges

9.6 Frame Filtering

9.7 Startup And Steady State Behavior Of Bridged Networks

9.8 Planning A Bridged Network

9.9 Bridging Between Buildings

9.10 Bridging Across Longer Distances

9.11 A Cycle Of Bridges

9.12 Distributed Spanning Tree

9.13 Switching

9.14 Combining Switches And Hubs

9.15 Bridging And Switching With Other Technologies

9.16 Summary

Chapter 10 WAN Technologies And Routing

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Large Networks And Wide Areas

10.3 Packet Switches

10.4 Forming A WAN

10.5 Store And Forward

10.6 Physical Addressing In A WAN

10.7 Next-Hop Forwarding

10.8 Source Independence

10.9 Relationship Of Hierarchical Addresses To Routing

10.10 Routing In A WAN

10.11 Use Of Default Routes

10.12 Routing Table Computation

10.13 Shortest Path Computation In A Graph

10.14 Distributed Route Computation

10.15 Vector Distance Routing

10.16 Link-State Routing(SPF)

10.17 Example WAN Technologies

10.18 Summary

Chapter 11 Network Ownership ,Service Paradigm ,And Performance

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Network Ownership

11.3 Service Paradigm

11.4 Connection Duration And Persistence

11.5 Examples Of Service Paradigms

11.6 Addresses And Connection Identifiers

11.7 Network Performance Characteristics

11.8 Summary

Chapter 12 Protocols And Layering

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Need For Protocols

12.3 Protocol Suites

12.4 A Plan For Protocol Design

12.5 The Seven Layers

12.6 Stacks:Layered Software

12.7 How Layered Software Works

12.8 Multiple ,Nested Headers

12.9 The Scientific Basics For Layering

12.10 Techniques Protocols Use

12.11 The Art Of Protocol Design

12.12 Summary

PART III Internetworking

Chapter 13 Internetworking :concepts ,Architecture,and Protocols

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Tthe Motivation For Internetworking

13.3 The Concept Of Universal Service

13.4 Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World

13.5 Internetworking

13.6 Physical Network Connection With Routers

13.7 Internet Architecture

13.8 Achieving Universal Service

13.9 A Virtual Network

13.10 Protocols For Internetworking

13.11 Significance Of Internetworking And TCP/IP

13.12 Layering And TCP/IP Protocols

13.13 Host Computers,Routers,And Protocol Layers

13.14 Summary

Chapter 14 IP:Internet Protocol Addresses

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Addresses For The Virtual Internet

14.3 The IP Addressing Scheme

14.4 The IP Address Hierarchy

14.5 Classes Of IP Addresses

14.6 Computing The Class of An Address

14.7 Dotted Decimal Notation

14.8 Classes And Dotted Decimal Notation

14.9 Division Of The Address Space

14.10 Authority For Address

14.11 An Addressing Example

14.12 Special IP Addresses

14.13 Summary Of Special IP Addresses

14.14 The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form

14.15 Routers And The IP Addressing Principle

14.16 Multi-Homed Hosts

14.17 Summary

Chapter 15 Binding Protocol Addresses(ARP)

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Protocol Addresses And Packet Delivery

15.3 Address Resolution

15.4 Address Resolution Techniques

15.5 Address Resolution With Table Lookup

15.6 Address Resolution With Closed -Form Computation

15.7 Address Resolution With Message Exchange

15.8 Address Resolution Protocol

15.9 ARP Message Delivery

15.10 ARP Message Format

15.11 Sending An ARP Message

15.12 Identifying ARP Frames

15.13 Caching ARP Responses

15.14 Processing An Incoming ARP Message

15.15 Layering ,Address Resolution,Protocol Addresses

15.16 Summary

Chapter 16 IP Datagrams And Datagram Forwarding

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Connectionless Service

16.3 Virtual Packets

16.4 The IP Datagram

16.5 Forwarding An IP Datagram

16.6 IP Addresses And Routing Table Entries

16.7 The Mask Field And Datagram Forwarding

16.8 Destination And Next-Hop Addresses

16.9 Best-Effort Delivery

16.10 The IP Datagram Header Format

16.11 Summary

Chapter 17 IP Encapsulation ,Fragmentation,AndReassembly

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Datagram Transmission And Frames

17.3 Encapsulation

17.4 Transmission Across An Internet

17.5 MTU,Datagram

17.6 Reassembly

17.7 Identifying A Datagram

17.8 Fragment Loss

17.9 Fragmenting A Fragment

17.10 Summary

Chapter 18 The Future IP(IPv6)

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The Success Of IP

18.3 The Motivation For Change

18.4 A name And A Version Number

18.5 Characterization Of Features In IPv6

18.6 IPv6 Datagram Format

18.7 IPv6 Base Header Format

18.8 How IPv6 Handles Multiple Headers

18.9 Fragmentation ,Reassembly ,and Path MTU

18.10 The Purpose Of Multiple headers

18.11 IPv6 Purpose Of Multiple Headers

18.12 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation

18.13 Summary

Chapter 19 An Error Reporting Mechanism(ICMP)

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Best-Effort Semantics And Error Detection

19.3 Internet Control Message Protocol

19.4 ICMP Message Transport

19.5 Using ICMP Messages To Test Ratability

19.6 Using ICMP To Trace A Route

19.7 Using ICMP For Path MTU Discovery

19.8 Summary

Chapter 20 TCP:Reliable Transport Service

20.1 Introduction

20.2 The Need For Reliable Transport

20.3 The Transmission Control Protocol

20.4 The Service TCP Provides To Applications

20.5 End-To=End Service And Datagrams

20.6 Achieving Reliability

20.7 packet Loss And Retransmission

20.8 Adaptive Retransmission

20.9 Comparison Of Retransmission Times

20.10 Buffers,Flow Control,And Windows

20.11 Three-Way Handshake

20.12 Congestion Control

20.13 TCP Segment Format

20.14 Summary

PART IV Network Applications

Chapter 21 Client-Server Interaction

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Th Functionality Software Provides

21.3 The Functionality An Internet Provides

21.4 Making Contact

21.5 The Client-Server Paradigm

21.6 Characteristics Of Clients And Servers

21.7 Server Programs And Server-Class Computers

21.8 Requests,Responses,And Direction Of Data Flow

21.9 Transport Protocols and Client-Server Interaction

21.10 Multiple Services On One Computer

21.11 Identifying A Particular Service

21.12 Multiple Copies Of A Server For A Single Service

21.13 Dynamic Server Creation

21.14 Transport Protocols And Unambiguous Communication

21.15 Connection-Oriented And Connectionless Transport

21.16 A Service Reachable Through Multiple Protocols

21.17 Complex Client-Server Interactions

21.18 Interactions And Circular Dependencies

21.19 Summary

Chapter 22 The Socket Interface

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Application Program Interface

22.3 The Socket API

22.4 Sockets And Socket Libraries

22.5 Socket Communication And UNIX I/O

22.6 Sockets,Descriptors ,And Network I/O

22.7 parameters And The Socket API

22.8 Procedures That Implement The Socket API

22.9 Read And Write With Sockets

22.10 Other Socket Procedures

22.11 Sockets,Threads,And Inheritance

22.12 Summary

Chapter 23 Example Of A Client And A Server

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Connection-Oriented Communication

23.3 An Example Service

23.4 Command-Line Arguments For The Example Programs

23.5 Sequence Of Socket Procedure Calls

23.6 Code For Example Client

23.7 Code For Example Server

23.8 Stream Service And Multiple Recv Calls

23.9 Socket Procedures And Blocking

23.10 Size Of The Code And Error Reporting

23.11 Using The Example Client With Another Service

23.12 Using Another Client To Test The Server

23.13 Summary

Chapter 24 Naming With The Domain Name System

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Structure Of Computer Names

24.3 Geographic Structure

24.4 Domain Names Within An Organization

24.5 The DNS Client-Server Model

24.6 Th DNS Server Hierarchy

24.7 Server Architectures

24.8 Locality Of Reference And Multiple Servers

24.9 Links Among Servers

24.10 Resolving A Name

24.11 Optimization Of DNS Performance

24.12 Types Of DNS Entries

24.13 Aliases Using The CNAME Type

24.14 An Important Consequence Of Multiple Types

24.15 Abbreviations And The DNS

24.16 Summary

Chapter 25 Electronic Mail Representation And Transfer

25.1 Introduction

25.2 The Electronic Mail Paradigm

25.3 Electronic mailboxes And Addresses

25.4 Electronic Mail Message Format

25.5 Carbon Copies

25.6 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

25.7 E-mail And Application Programs

25.8 Mail Transfer

25.9 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

25.10 Optimizing For Multiple Recipients On A Computer

25.11 Mail Exploders,Lists ,And Forwarders

25.12 Mail Gateways

25.13 Automated Mailing Lists

25.14 Mail Relays And E-mail Addresses

25.15 Mailbox Access

25.16 Dialup Connections And POP

25.17 Summary

Chapter 26 File Transfer And Remote File Access

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Data Transfer And Distributed Computation

26.3 Saving Intermediate Results

26.4 Generalized File Transfer

26.5 Interactive And Batch Transfer Paradigms

26.6 The File Transfer Protocol

26.7 FTP General Model And User Interface

26.8 FTP Commands

26.9 Connections,Authorization,And File Permissions

26.10 Anonymous File Access

26.11 File Transfer In Either Direction

26.12 Wildcard Expansion In File Names

26.13 File Transfer In Either Direction

26.14 Wildcard Expansion In File Names

26.15 File Types And Transfer Modes

26.16 Example Of Using FTP

26.17 Verbose Output

26.18 Client-Server Interaction In FTP

26.19 Control And Data Connections

26.20 Data Connections And End Of File

26.21 Trivial File Transfer Protocol

26.22 Network File System

26.23 Summary

Chapter 27 World Wide Web Pages And Brosing

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Browser Interface

27.3 Hypertext And Hypermedia

27.4 Document Representation

27.5 HTML Format And Representation

27.6 Example HTML Formatting Tags

27.7 Headings

27.8 Lists

27.9 Embedding Graphics Images In A Web Page

27.10 Identifying A Page

27.11 Hypertext Links From One Document To Another

27.12 Client-Server Interaction

27.13 Web Document Transport And HTTP

27.14 Browser Architecture

27.15 Optional Clients

27.16 Caching In Web Browsers

27.17 Summary

Chapter 28 CGI Technology For Dynamic Web Documents

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Three Basic Types of Web Documents

28.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Document Type

28.4 Implementation Of Dynamic Documents

28.5 The CGI Standard

28.6 Output From A CGI Program

28.7 An Example CGI Program

28.8 Parameters And Environment Variables

28.9 State Information

28.10 A CGI Script With Long-Term State Information

28.11 A CGT Script With Short-Term State Information

28.12 Forms And Interaction

28.13 Summary

Chapter 29 Java Technology For Active Web Documents

29.1 Introduction

29.2 An Early Form Of Continuous Update

29.3 Active Documents And Server Overhead

29.4 Active Document Representation And Translation

29.5 Java Technology

29.6 The Java Programming Language

29.7 The Java Run-Time Environment

29.8 The Java Library

29.9 A Graphics Toolkit

29.10 Using Java Graphics On A Particular Computer

29.11 Java Interpreters And Browsers

29.12 Compiling A Java Program

29.13 An Example Applet

29.14 Invoking An Applet

29.15 Example Of Interaction With A Browser

29.16 Errors And Exception Handling

29.17 Alternatives And Variations

29.18 Summary

Chapter 30 Network Management(SNMP)

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Managing An Internet

30.3 The Danger Of Hidden Failures

30.4 Network Management Software

30.5 Clients ,Servers,Managers,And Agents

30.6 Simple Network Management Protocol

30.7 Fetch-Store Paradigm

30.8 The MIB And Object Names

30.9 The Variety Of MIB Variables

30.10 MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays

30.11 Summary

Chapter 31 Network Security

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Secure Networks And Policies

31.3 Aspects Of Security

31.4 Responsibility And Control

31.5 Integrity Mechanisms

31.6 Access Control And Passwords

31.7 Encryption And Privacy

31.8 Public Key Encryption

31.9 Authentication With Digital Signatures

31.10 Packet Filtering

31.11 Internet Firewall Concept

31.12 Summary

Chapter 32 Initialization (Configuration)

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Bootstrapping

32.3 Starting Protocol Software

32.4 Protocol Parameters

32.5 Protocol Configuration

32.6 Examples Of Items That Need To Be Configured

32.7 Example Configuration :Using A Disk File

32.8 The Need To Automate Protocol Configuration

32.9 Methods For Automated Protocol Configuration

32.10 The Address Used To Find An Address

32.11 A Sequence Of Protocols Used During Bootstrap

32.12 Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

32.13 Automatic Address Assignment

32.14 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)

32.15 Optimizations In DHCP

32.16 DHCP Message Format

32.17 DHCP And Domain Names

32.18 Summary

Appendix 1 Glossary Of Networking Terms And Abbreviations

Appendix 2 The ASCII Character Set

Appendix 3 How To Use The CD-ROM Included With This Book

Bibliography

Index