UNIX操作系统教程：英文版

Chapter 1 Overview of Operating Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What Is an Operating System?

1.3 Operating System Services

1.4 Character Versus Graphical User Interfaces

1.5 Types of Operating Systems

1.6 The UNIX Family

Summary

Problems

Chapter 2 Brief History of the UNIX Operating System

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Historical Development of the UNIX Operating System

2.2.1 Beginnings

2.2.2 Research Operating System

2.2.3 AT&T System V

2.2.4 Berkely Software Distributions

2.2.5 The History of Shells

2.2.6 Current and Future Developments--LINUX

2.3 Variations in UNIX Systems

Summary

Problems

Chapter 3 Getting Started

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Computer System Hardware

3.2.1 Main/Primary storage

3.2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

3.2.3 Disk

3.2.4 Bus

3.2.5 I/O Devices

3.3 UNIX Software Architecture

3.3.1 Device Driver Layer

3.3.2 The UNIX Kernel

3.3.3 The System Call Interface

3.3.4 Language Libraries

3.3.5 UNIX Shell

3.3.6 Applications

3.4 Logging On and Logging Off

3.5 Correcting Mistakes

3.6 Some Important System Setups

3.7 Some Useful Commands for the Beginner

3.7.1 Changing Your Password

3.7.2 Getting Help

3.7.3 Finding Out Who You Are and What the Name of Your UNIX System Is

Summary

Problems

Chapter 4 UNIX Shells

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Various UNIX Shells

4.2.1 Shell Programs

4.2.2 Which Shell Suits Your Needs?

4.2.3 Ways to Change Your Shell

4.2.4 Shell Start-up Files and Environment Variables

4.3 Some Other Useful General-Purpose Commands

4.3.1 Creating and Displaying Directories

4.3.2 Displaying Files

4.3.3 Printing Files

4.3.4 Displaying a Calendar

4.3.5 One-Way Real-Time Messaging

4.3.6 Notification of and Permission for Electronic Communication

4.3.7 Creating Pseudonyms for Commands

4.3.8 Displaying System Up Time

4.4 Shell Metacharacters

Summary

Problems

Chapter 5 Editing Text Files

5.1 Introduction

5.2 How to Do Short and Simple Edits by using the pico Editor

5.2.1 Creating the Text of an e-mail Message with the pico Text Editor

5.2.2 How to Start, Save a File, and Exit

5.2.3 General Keystroke Commands and Cursor Management

5.2.4 Cutting/Pasting and Searching

5.3 Obtaining More Control by Using the vi Editor

5.3.1 Shell Script File

5.3.2 How to Start, Save a File, and Exit

5.3.3 The Format of a vi Command and the Modes of Operation

5.3.4 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands

5.3.5 Yank and Put (Copy and Paste) and Substitute (Search and Replace)

5.3.6 Setting the vi Environment

5.3.7 Executing Shell Commands from Within vi

5.4 Getting the Maximum Control by Using the emacs Editor

5.4.1 DOS Aliases

5.4.2 How to Start, Save a File, and Exit

5.4.3 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands

5.4.4 Keyboard Macros

5.4.5 Cut or Copy and Paste and Search and Replace

5.5 Optional--How to Do Graphical Editing by Using emacs and the X Window System

5.5.1 Editing Data Files

5.5.2 How to Start, Save a File, and Exit

5.5.3 X Window emacs Menus

Summary

Problems

Chapter 6 Electronic Mail

6.1 Introduction

6.2 How to Use the UNIX mail Command Effectively

6.2.1 Sending and Reading e-mail with the UNIX mail Command

6.2.2 Sending e-mail with mail

6.2.3 Reading e-mail with mai1

6.2.4 Saving Messages in Folders

6.2.5 Replying to and Forwarding Messages--and Including Attachments

6.2.6 mail Aliases

6.3 elm--A Full Screen Display e-mail System

6.3.1 Sending a Message in elm

6.3.2 Sending e-mail with elm

6.3.3 Reading e-mail in elm

6.3.4 Forwarding and Replying to an e-mail Message in elm

6.3.5 Saving Messages in Folders

6.3.6 elm Aliases

6.4 pine--Another Full-Screen Display e-mail System

6.4.1 Sending an e-mail Message by Using pine with an Attachment Created in vi

6.4.2 Sending e-mail with pine

6.4.3 Reading e-mail with pine

6.4.4 Disposing of e-mail in Folders in pine

6.4.5 Using the pine Address Book

6.4.6 A Summary of pine Commands

Summary

Problems

Chapter 7 Files and File System Structure

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The UNIX File Concept

7.3 Types of Files

7.3.1 Simple/Ordinary File

7.3.2 Directory

7.3.3 Link File

7.3.4 Special File (Device)

7.3.5 Named Pipe (FIFO)

7.4 File System Structure

7.4.1 File System Organization

7.4.2 Home and Present Working Directories

7.4.3 Pathnames: Absolute and Relative

7.4.4 Some Standard Directories and Files

7.5 Navigating the File Structure

7.5.1 Determining the Absolute Pathname for Your Home Directory

7.5.2 Browsing the File System

7.5.3 Creating Files

7.5.4 Creating and Removing Directories

7.5.5 Determing File Attributes

7.5.6 Determing the Type of a File's Contents

7.6 File Representation and Storage in UNIX

7.7 Standard Files and File Descriptions

7.8 End of File (eof) Marker

Summary

Problems

Chapter 8 File Security

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Password-Based Protection

8.3 Encryption-Based Protection

8.4 Protection Based on Access Permission

8.4.1 Types of Uses

8.4.2 Types of File Operations/Access Permissions

8.5 Determining and Changing File Access Privileges

8.5.1 Determing File Access Privileges

8.5.2 Changing File Access Privileges

8.5.3 Default File Access Privileges

8.6 Special Acces Bits

8.6.1 The Set-User-ID (SUID) Bit

8.6.2 The Set-Group-ID (SGID) Bit

8.6.3 The Sticky Bit

Summary

Problems

Chapter 9 Basic File Processing

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Viewing Contents of Text Files

9.2.1 Viewing Complete Files

9.2.2 Viewing Files One Page at a Time

9.2.3 Viewing the Head or Tail of a File

9.3 Copying, Moving, and Removing Files

9.3.1 Copying Files

9.3.2 Moving Files

9.3.3 Removing/Deleting Files

9.3.4 Determing File Size

9.4 Appending to Files

9.5 Combining Files

9.6 Comparing Files

9.7 Removing Repeated Lines

9.8 Printing Files and Controlling Print Jobs

9.8.1 UNIX Mechanism for Printing Files

9.8.2 Printing Files

9.8.3 Finding the Status of Your Print Requests

9.8.4 Canceling Your Print Jobs

Summary

Problems

Chapter l0 Advanced File Processing

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Regular Expressions

10.3 Compressing Files

10.4 Sorting Files

10.5 Searching for Commands and Files

10.6 Searching Files

10.7 Cutting and Pasting

10.8 Encoding and Decoding

10.9 The Encryption and Decryption

Summary

Problems

Chapter 11 File Sharing

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Duplicate Shared Files

11.3 Common Login for Memebers of a Team

11.4 Setting Appropriate Access Permissions on Shared Files

11.5 Common Group for Members of a Team

11.6 File Sharing Via Links

11.6.1 Hard Links

11.6.2 Drawbacks of Hard Links

11.6.3 Soft/Symbolic Links

11.6.4 Pros and Cons of Symbolic Links

Summary

Problems

Chapter 12 Redirection and Piping

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Standard Files

12.3 Input Redirection

12.4 Output Redirection

12.5 Combining Input and Output Redirection

12.6 I/O Redirection with File Descriptors

12.7 Redirection Standard Error

12.8 Redirecting stdout and stderr in One Command

12.9 Redirecting stdin, stdout, and stderr in One Command

12.10 Redirecting Without Overwriting File Contents (Appending)

12.11 UNIX Pipes

12.12 Redirection and Piping Combined

12.13 Error Redirection in the C Shell

12.14 Recap of I/O and Error Redirection

Summary

Problems

Chapter 13 Processes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Running Multiple Processes Simultaneously

13.3 UNIX Process States

13.4 Execution of Shell Commands

13.5 Process Attributes

13.6 Process and Job Control

13.6.1 Foreground and Background Processes and Related Commands

13.6.2 UNIX Daemons

13.6.3 Sequential and Parallel Execution of Commands

13.6.4 Abnormal Termination of Commands and Processes

13.7 Process Hierarchy in UNIX

Summary

Problems

Chapter 14 Networking and Internetworking

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Computer Networks and Internetworks

14.3 The Reasons for Computer Networks and Internetworks

14.4 Network Models

14.5 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

14.5.1 TCP and UDP

14.5.2 Routing of Application Data--The Internet Protocol (IP)

14.5.3 IPv4 Addresses in Dotted Decimal Notation

14.5.4 Symbolic Names

14.5.5 Translating Names to IP Addresses--The Domain Name System

14.6 Internet Services and Protocols

14.7 The Client-Server Software Model

14.8 Application Software

14.8.1 Displaying the Host Name

14.8.2 Displaying List of Users Using Hosts on a Network

14.8.3 Displaying the Status of Hosts on a Network

14.8.4 Testing a Network Connection

14.8.5 Displaying Information about Users

14.8.6 Remote Login

14.8.7 Remote Command Execution

14.8.8 File Transfer

14.8.9 Remote Copy

14.8.10 Interactive Chat

14.8.11 Tracing the Route from One Site to Another Site

Summary

Prob1ems

Chapter 15 Introductory Bourne Shell Programming

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Running a Bourne Shell Script

15.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands

15.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables

15.3.2 Command Substitution

15.3.3 Exporting Environment

15.3.4 Resetting Variables

15.3.5 Creating Read-Only User-Defined Variables

15.3.6 Reading from Standard Input

15.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts

15.5 Comments and Program Headers

15.6 Program Control Flow Commands

15.6.1 The if-then-elif-else-fi Statement

15.6.2 The for Statement

15.6.3 The while Statement

15.6.4 The until Statement

15.6.5 The break and continue Commands

15.6.6 The case Statement

Summary

Problems

Chapter 16 Advanced Bourne Shell Programming

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Numeric Data Processing

16.3 The Here Document

16.4 Interrupt (Signal) Processing

16.5 The exec Command and File I/O

16.5.1 Execution of a Command Without Creating a New Process

16.5.2 File I/O via the exec Command

16.6 Functions in the Bourne Shell

16.6.1 The Reasons for Functions

16.6.2 Function Definition

16.6.3 Function Invocation/Call

16.6.4 Examples of Functions

16.7 Debugging Shell Programs

Summary

Programs

Chapter 17 Introductory C Shell Programming

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Running a C Shell Script

17.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands

17.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables

17.3.2 Command Substitution

17.3.3 Exporting Environment

17.3.4 Resetting Variables

17.3.5 Reading from Standard Input

17.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts

17.5 Comments and Program Headers

17.6 Program Control Flow Commands

17.6.1 The if the-e1se-endif Statement

17.6.2 The foreach Statement

17.6.3 The while Statement

17.6.4 The break, continue, and goto Commands

17.6.5 The switch Statement

Summary

Problems

Chapter 18 Advanced C Shell Programming

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Numeric Data Processing

18.3 Array Processing

18.4 The Here Document

18.5 Interrupt (Signal) Processing

18.6 Debugging Shell Programs

Summary

Problems

Chapter 19 File System Backup

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Archiving and Restoring Files Via tar

19.2.1 Archiving Files

19.2.2 Restoring Archived Files

19.2.3 Copying Directory Hierarchies

19.3 Software Distributions in the tar Format

Summary

Problems

Chapter 20 Unix Tools for Software Development

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Computer Programming Languages

20.3 The Compilation Process

20.4 The Software Engineering Life Cycle

20.5 Program Generation Tools

20.5.1 Generating C Source Files

20.5.2 Indenting C Source Code

20.5.3 Compiling C Programs

20.5.4 Handling Module-Based C Software

20.5.5 Building Object Files into a Library

20.5.6 Working with Libraries

20.5.7 Version Control

20.6 Stattic Analysis Tools

20.6.1 Verifying Code for Portability

20.6.2 Source Code Metrics

20.7 Dynamic Analysis Tools

20.7.1 Tracing Program Execution

20.7.2 Source Code Debugging

20.7.3 Run-Time Performance

Summary

Problems

Chapter 21 X Window System --The UNIX Graphical User Interface

21.1 Introduction

21.2 User-Computer Interactivity and the X Window System

21.2.1 The Key Components of Interactivity--Events and Request

21.3 The Role of a Window Manager in the User Interface and fvwm

21.3.1 Functions and Appearance of the Window Manager Interface

21.3.2 The Appearance and Operation of fvwm

21.4 Customizing the X Window System and fvwm

21.4.1 Command Line Changes to an X Window System Application

21.4.2 Preference Changes in .Xdefaults and .xinitrc Initialization Files

21.4.3 Typical Changes in .fvwmrc to Customize the fvwm Window Manager

Summary

Problems

Appendix: Command Dictionary

Glossary

Index