描述翻译学及其他

INTRODUCTION

ACaseforDescriptiveTranslationStudies

PARTONE

ThePivotalPositionofDescriptiveStudiesandDTS

1.Holmes''map'ofthediscipline

2.TheinternalorganizationofDTS

3.BetweenDTSandTranslationTheory

4.BetweenTranslationStudiesanditsappliedextensions

PARTTWO

ARationaleforDescriptiveTranslationStudies

Chapter1.TranslationsasFactsofa'Target'Culture

AnAssumptionandItsMethodologicalImplications

1.Approachingtranslationwithinatarget-orientedframework

2.Translationsasculturalfacts

3.Inneedofpropercontextualization

4.Thenotionofassumedtranslationanditscontents

5.Discoveryvs.justificationprocedures

ExcursusA.PseudotranslationsandTheirSignificance

1.Someusesofpseudotranslating

2.PseudotranslationsandTranslationStudies

3.TheenlighteningcaseofPapaHamlet

Chapter2.TheNatureandRoleofNormsinTranslation

1.Rules,norms,idiosyncrasies

2.Translationasanorm-governedactivity

3.Translationalnorms:Anoverview

4.Themultiplicityoftranslationalnorms

5.Studyingtranslationalnorms

Chapter3.ConstitutingaMethodforDescriptiveStudies

1.Assumedtranslationsandtheiracceptability

2.Typesofcomparisonattheinitialstage

3.Comingupwiththeappropriatesourcetext

4.(Translation)solutionsand(source)problems

5.Prospectivevs.retrospectivestancesexemplifiedbymetaphor

6.Uncoveringtheunderlyingconceptoftranslation

Chapter4.TheCoupledPairofReplacing+ReplacedSegments

1.Theneedforaunitofcomparativeanalysis

2.Anexemplaryanalysisofonepairoftexts

3.Justifyingtheuseofthecoupledpair

4.Testingthecouplinghypothesisinrealtime

Chapter5.AnExemplary'StudyinDescriptiveStudies'

ConjointPhrasesasTranslationalSolutions

1.Thephrases'significanceassured

2.Theuseofbinomialsintranslatedtexts

3.Shifts,relationships,first-levelgeneralizations

4.Second-levelgeneralizationsandfurtherresearchprospects

5.Applyingresearchfindingsinactualtranslation

PARTTHREE

Translation-in-Context

AnAssortmentofCaseStudies

Chapter6.Betweena'GoldenPoem'anda

ShakespeareanSonnet

1.Priorto1916:Ameaningfulvoid

2.1916-1923:Modified'GoldenPoems'

3.1929:Analternativepointofdeparture

4.MovingawayfromtheGoldenPoem

5.1943onwards:Amixedsituation

6.Aglimpseintothefuture

Chapter7.ALessonfromIndirectTranslation

1.Mediatedtranslationsasanobjectforstudy

2.The'German'periodinHebrewliterature

2.1Theconceptoftranslation

2.2Thesymptomaticstatusofindirecttranslation

2.3TheroleofGermancultureasasupplier

2.4TranslatingEnglishliteratureviaGerman

3.Movingintotherevivalperiod

3.1TheRussification'ofHebrewliterature

3.2ThepositionofGermanandEnglish

3.3TheRussifiedmodelandtranslationfromotherlanguages

4.TheAnglicizationofHebrewliterature

Chapter8.LiteraryOrganizationandTranslationStrategies

ATextIsSiftedThroughaMediatingModel

1.Addedrhymesandverbalformulation

2.Addinga[fictional]epicsituationandtighteningtheoverallstructure

3.Whatwassowrongwiththeoriginalmodel?

4.Amediatingmodelanditsorigin

5.Externalsourcevs.internallegitimation

6.Enhancingthetranslation'sacceptability

7.Wasthereanyalternative?

8.Appendix:"DasSchlaraffenland"and"Gan-Edenha-taxton'

ExcursusB.'TranslationofLiteraryTexts'vs.

'LiteraryTranslation'

1.Thetwosensesof'literarytranslation'

2.'Linguistic','textual'and'literary'modesoftranslation

3.'Literarytranslation'andtarget-orientedness

4.Culturaldistanceandthegapbetweenthetwosensesof

'literarytranslation'

5.Appendix:27Englishtranslationsofthe"Crow"haiku

Chapter9.StudyingInterimSolutions

PossibilitiesandImplications

1.Tryingtocloseinonthe'littleblackbox'

2.Tracingtheemergenceofatranslation

3.PossibleimplicationsforTranslationTheory

Chapter10.ATranslationComesintoBeing

Hamlet'sMonologueinHebrew

1.Thematerialsunderstudy

2.Prosodicconstraintsandtheunitofconsideration

3.Usingrevisionstouncoverconstraints

4.Conclusionsandimplications

Chapter11.Translation-SpecificLexicalItems

andTheirLexicographicalTreatment

1.Translationspecificity

2.Translation-specificlexicalitems

3.Translation-specificlexemesascandidatesforthedictionary

4.The'meaning'oftranslation-specificitems

S.Submittingtranslationstolexicalstudy

6.Towardsexemplarydictionaryentries

Chapter12.ExperimentationinTranslationStudies

Achievements,ProspectsandSomePitfalls

1.Empiricalsciencesandempiricalmethods

2.Product-orientedempiricalstudies

2.1CIozetests

2.2Theuseofquestionnaires

3.Process-orientedempiricalstudies

3.1Thinking-AloudProtocols

4.Concludingremarks

ExcursusC.ABilingualSpeakerBecomesaTranslator

ATentativeDevelopmentalModel

1.Naturevs.nurtureinthemakingoftranslators

2.Aninnatenesshypothesisisnotenough

3.Themakingofa'native'translator

4.Howwouldadevelopmentalmodelbevalidated?

5.Possibleimplicationsfortranslatortraining

PARTFOUR

BeyondDescriptiveStudies

TowardsLawsofTranslationalBehaviour

1.Non-lawlikegeneralizations

2.Theprobabilisticnatureoftranslationallaws

3.Twoexemplarylaws

3.1Thelawofgrowingstandardization

3.2Firststepstowardsalawofinterference

References

SubjectIndex

Authorindex