TCP/IP网络互连：英文版（第1卷 原理 协议和体系结构）

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview

1.1 The Motivation For Internetworking

1.2 The TCP/IP Internet

1.3 Internet Services

1.4 History And Scope Of The Internet

1.5 The Internet Architecture Board

1.6 The IAB Reorganization

1.7 The Internet Society

1.8 Internet Request For Comments

1.9 Internet Protocols And Standardization

1.10 Future Growth And Technology

1.11 Organization Of The Text

1.12 Summary

Chapter2 Review Of Underlying Network Technologies

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Two Approaches To Network Communication

2.3 Wide Area And Local Area Networks

2.4 Ethernet Technology

2.5 Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect(FDDI)

2.6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

2.7 WAN Technologies：ARPANET

2.8 National Science Foundation Networking

2.9 ANSNET

2.10 A Very High Speed Backbone(vBNS)

2.11 Other Technologies Over Which TCP/IP Has Been Used

2.12 Summary And Conclusion

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Application-Level Interconnection

3.3 Network-Level Interconnection

3.4 Properties Of The Internet

3.5 Internet Architecture

3.6 Interconnection Through IP Routers

3.7 The User’s View

3.9 The Unanswered Questions

3.10 Summary

Chapter 4 Classful Internet Addresses

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Universal Identifiers

4.3 The Original Classful Addressing Scheme

4.4 Addresses Specify Network Connections

4.5 Network And Directed Broadcast Addresses

4.6 Limited Broadcast

4.7 Interpreting Zero To Mean “This”

4.8 Subnet And Supernet Extensions

4.9 IP Multicast Addresses

4.10 Weaknesses In Internet Addressing

4.11 Dotted Decimal Notation

4.12 Loopback Address

4.13 Summary Of Special Address Conventions

4.14 Internet Addressing Authority

4.15 Reserved Address Prefixes

4.16 An Example

4.17 Network Bye Order

4.18 Summary

Chapter 5 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses(ARP)

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Address Resolution Problem

5.3 Two Types Of Physical Addresses

5.4 Resolution Through Direct Mapping

5.5 The Address Resolution Cache

5.6 The Address Resolution Cache

5.7 ARP Cache Timeout

5.8 ARP Refinements

5.9 Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols

5.10 ARP Encapsulation And Identification

5.12 ARP Protocol Format

5.13 Summary

Chapter 6 Determining An Internet Address At Startup(RARP)

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP)

6.3 Timing RARP Transactions

6.4 Primary And Backup RARP Servers

6.5 Summary

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol：Connectionless Datagram Delivery

7.1 Introduction

7.2 A Virtual Network

7.3 Internet Architecture And Philosophy

7.4 The Conceptual Service Organization

7.5 Connectionless Delivery System

7.6 Purpose Of The Internet Protocol

7.7 The Internet Datagram

7.8 Internet Datagram Options

7.9 Summary

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol：Routing IP Datagrams

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Routing In An Internet

8.3 Direct And Indirect Delivery

8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing

8.5 Next-Hop Routing

8.6 Default Routes

8.7 Host-Specific Routes

8.8 The IP Routing Algorithm

8.9 Routing With IP Addresses

8.10 Handling Incoming Datagrams

8.11 Establishing Routing Tables

8.12 Summary

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol：Error And Control Messages(ICMP)

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Internet Control Message Protocol

9.3 Error Reporting vs. Error Correction

9.4 ICMP Message Delivery

9.5 ICMP Message Format

9.6 Testing Destination Reachability And Status(Ping)

9.7 Echo Request And Reply Message Format

9.8 Reports Of Unreachable Destinations

9.9 Congestion And Datagram Flow Control

9.10 Source Quench Format

9.11 Route Change Requests From Routers

9.12 Detecting Circular Or Excessively Long Routes

9.13 Reporting Other Problems

9.14 Clock Synchronization And Transit Time Estimation

9.15 Information Request And Reply Messages

9.16 Obtaining A Subnet Mask

9.17 Router Discovery

9.18 Router Solicitation

9.19 Summary

Chapter 10 Classless And Subnet Address Extensions(CIDR)

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Review Of Relevant Facts

10.3 Minimizing Network Numbers

10.4 Transparent Routers

10.5 Proxy ARP

10.6 Subnet Addressing

10.7 Flexibility In Subnet Address Assignment

10.8 Variable-Length Subnets

10.9 Implementation Of Subnets With Masks

10.10 Subnet Mask Representation

10.11 Routing In The Presence Of Subnets

10.12 The Subnet Routing Algorithm

10.13 A Unified Routing Algorithm

10.14 Maintenance Of Subnet Masks

10.15 Broadcasting To Subnets

10.16 Anonymous Point-To-Point Networks

10.17 Classless Addressing(Supernetting)

10.18 The Effect Of Supernetting On Routing

10.19 CIDR Address Blocks And Bit Masks

10.20 Address Blocks And CIDR Notation

10.21 A Classless Addressing Example

10.22 Data Structures And Algorithms For Classless Lookup

10.23 Longest-Match Routing And Mixtures Of Route Types

10.24 CIDR Blocks Reserved For Private Networks

10.25 Summary

Chapter 11 Protocol Layering

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Need For Multiple Protocols

11.3 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software

11.4 Functionality Of The Layers

11.5 X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model

11.6 Differences Between ISO And Internet Layering

11.7 The Protocol Layering Principle

11.8 Layering In The Presence Of Network Substructure

11.9 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model

11.10 The Disadvantage Of Layering

11.11 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing

11.12 Summary

Chapter 12 User Datagram Protocol(UDP)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Identifying The Ultimate Destination

12.3 The User Datagram Protocol

12.4 Format Of UDP Messages

12.5 UDP Pseudo-Header

12.6 UDP Encapsulation And Protocol Layering

12.7 Layering And The UDP Checksum Computation

12.8 UDP Multiplexing，Demultiplexing，And Ports

12.9 Reserved And Available UDP Port Numbers

12.10 Summary

Chapter 13 Reliable Stream Transport Service(TCP)

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The Need For Stream Delivery

13.3 Properties Of The Reliable Delivery Service

13.4 Providing Reliability

13.5 The Idea Behind Sliding Windows

13.6 The Transmission Control Protocol

13.7 Ports，Connections，And Endpoints

13.8 Passive And Active Opens

13.9 Segments，Streams，And Sequence Numbers

13.10 Variable Window Size And Flow Control

13.11 TCP Segment Format

13.12 Out Of Band Data

13.13 Maximum Segment Size Option

13.14 TCP Checksum Computation

13.15 Acknowledgements And Retransmission

13.16 Timeout And Retransmission

13.17 Accurate Measurement Of Round Trip Samples

13.18 Karn’s Algorithm And Timer Backoff

13.19 Responding To High Variance In Delay

13.20 Response To Congestion

13.21 Congestion，Tail Drop，And TCP

13.22 Random Early Discard(RED)

13.23 Establishing A TCP Connection

13.24 Initial Sequence Numbers

13.25 Closing a TCP Connection

13.26 TCP Connection Reset

13.27 TCP State Machine

13.28 Forcing Data Delivery

13.29 Reserved TCP Port Numbers

13.30 TCP Performance

13.31 Silly Window Syndrome And Small Packets

13.32 Avoiding Silly Window Syndrome

13.33 Summary

Chapter 14 Routing：Cores，Peers，And Algorithms

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The Origin Of Routing Tables

14.3 Routing With Partial Information

14.4 Original Internet Architecture And Cores

14.5 Core Routers

14.6 Beyond The Core Architecture To Peer Backbones

14.7 Automatic Route Propagation

14.8 Distance Vector (Bellman-Ford)Routing

14.9 Gateway-To-Gateway Protocol(GGP)

14.10 Distance Factoring

14.11 Reliability And Routing Protocols

14.12 Link-State(SPE)Routing

14.13 Summary

Chapter 15 Routing：Exterior Gateway Protocols And Autonomous Systems(BGP)

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Adding Complexity To The Architectural Model

15.3 Determining A Practical Limit On Group Size

15.4 A Fundamental Idea：Extra Hops

15.5 Hidden Networks

15.6 Autonomous System Concept

15.7 From A Core To Independent Autonomous Systems

15.8 An Exterior Gateway Protocol

15.9 BGP Characteristics

15.10 BGP Functionality And Message Types

15.11 BGP Message Header

15.12 BGP OPEN Message

15.13 BGP UPDATE Message

15.14 Compressed Mask-Address Pairs

15.15 BGP Path Attributes

15.16 BGP KEEPALIVE Message

15.17 Information From The Receiver’s Perspective

15.18 The Key Restriction Of Exterior Gateway Protocols

15.19 The Internet Routing Arbiter System

15.20 BGP NOTIFICATION Message

15.21 Decentralization Of Internet Architecture

15.22 Summary

Chapter 16 Routing：In An Autonomous System(RIP,OSPF,HELLO)

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Static Vs. Dynamic Interior Routes

16.3 Routing Information Protocol(RIP)

16.4 The Hello Protocol

16.5 Delay Metrics And Oscillation

16.6 Combining RIP，Hello，And BGP

16.7 Inter-Autonomous System Routing

16.8 Gated：Inter-Autonomous System Communication

16.9 The Open SPF Protocol(OSPF)

16.10 Routing With Partial Information

16.11 Summary

Chapter 17 Internet Multicasting

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Hardware Broadcast

17.3 Hardware Origins Of Multicast

17.4 Ethernet Multicast

17.5 IP Multicast

17.6 The Conceptual Pieces

17.7 IP Multicast Addresses

17.8 Multicast Address Semantics

17.9 Mapping IP Multicast To Ethernet Multicast

17.10 Hosts And Multicast Delivery

17.11 Multicast Scope

17.12 Extending Host Software To Handle Multicasting

17.13 Internet Group Management Protocol

17.14 IGMP Implementation

17.15 Group Membership State Transitions

17.16 IGMP Message Format

17.17 Multicast Forwarding And Routing Information

17.18 Basic Multicast Routing Paradigms

17.19 Consequences Of TRPF

17.20 Multicast Trees

17.21 The Essence Of Multicast Routing

17.22 Reverse Path Multicasting

17.23 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

17.24 The Mrouted Program

17.25 Alternative Protocols

17.26 Core Based Trees(CBT)

17.27 Protocol Independent Multicast(PIM)

17.28 Multicast Extensions To OSPF(MOSPF)

17.29 Reliable Multicast And ACK Implosions

17.30 Summary

Chapter 18 TCP/IP Over ATM Networks

18.1 Introduction

18.2 ATM Hardware

18.3 Large ATM Networks

18.4 The Logical View Of An ATM Network

18.5 The Two Connection Paradigms

18.6 Paths，Circuits，And Identifiers

18.7 ATM Cell Transport

18.8 ATM Adaptaion Layers

18.9 ATM Adaptation Layer 5

18.10 AAL5 Convergence，Segmentation，And Reassembly

18.11 Datagram Encapsulation And IP MTU Size

18.12 Packet Type And Multiplexing

18.13 IP Address Binding In An ATM Network

18.14 Logical IP Subnet Concept

18.15 Connection Management

18.16 Address Binding Within An LIS

18.17 ATMARP Packet Format

18.18 Using ATMARP packets To Determine An Address

18.19 Obtaining Entries For A Server Database

18.20 Timing Out ATMARP Information In A Server

18.21 Timing Out ATMARP Information In A Host Or Router

18.22 IP Switching Technologies

18.23 Switch Operation

18.24 Optimized IP Forwarding

18.25 Classification，Flows，And Higher Layer Switching

18.26 Applicability Of Switching Technology

18.27 Summary

Chapter 19 Mobile IP

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Mobility，Routing，and Addressing

19.3 Mobile IP Characteristics

19.4 Overview Of Mobile IP Operation

19.5 Mobile Addressing Details

19.6 Foreign Agent Discovery

19.7 Agent Registration

19.8 Registration Message Format

19.9 Communication With A Foreign Agent

19.10 Datagram Transmission And Reception

19.11 The Two-Crossing Problem

19.12 Communication With Computers On the Home Network

19.13 Summary

Chapter 20 Private Network Interconnection(NAT,VPA)

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Private And Hybrid Networks

20.3 A Virtual Private Network(VPN)

20.4 VPN Addressing And Routing

20.5 AVPN With Private Addresses

20.6 Network Address Translation(NAT)

20.7 NAT Translation Table Creation

20.8 Multi-Address NAT

20.9 Port-Mapped NAT

20.10 Interaction Between NAT And ICMP

20.11 Interaction Between NAT And Applications

20.12 Conceptual Address Domains

20.13 Slirp And Masquerade

20.14 Summary

Chapter 21 Client-Server Model Of Interaction

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The Client-Server Model

21.3 A Simple Example：UDP Echo Server

21.4 Time And Date Service

21.5 The Complexity of Servers

21.6 RARP Server

21.7 Alternatives To The Client-Server Model

21.8 Summary

Chapter 22 The Socket Interface

22.1 Introduction

22.2 The UNIX I/O Paradigm And Network I/O

22.3 Adding Network I/O to UNIX

22.4 The Socket Abstraction

22.5 Creating A Socket

22.6 Socket Inheritance And Termination

22.7 Specifying A Local Address

22.8 Connecting Sockets To Destination Addresses

22.9 Sending Data Through A Socket

22.10 Receiving Data Through A Socket Addresses

22.11 Obtaining Local And Remote Socket Addresses

22.12 Obtaining And Setting Socket Options

22.13 Specifying A Queue Length For A Server

22.14 How A Server Accepts Connections

22.15 Servers That Handle Multiple Services

22.16 Obtaining And Setting Host Names

22.17 Obtaining And Setting The Internal Host Domain

22.18 Socket Library Calls

22.19 Network Byte Order Conversion Routines

22.20 IP Address Manipulation Routines

22.21 Accessing The Domain Name System

22.22 Obtaining Information About Hosts

22.23 Obtaining Information About Networks

22.24 Obtaining Information About Protocols

22.25 Obtaining Information About Network Services

22.26 An Example Client

22.27 An Example Server

22.28 Summary

Chapter 23 Bootstrap And Autoconfiguration(NOOTP,DHCP)

23.1 Introduction

23.2 The Need An Alternative To RARP

23.3 Using IP To Determine An IP Address

23.4 The BOOTP Retransmission Policy

23.5 The BOOTP Message Format

23.6 The Two-Step Bootstrap Procedure

23.7 Vendor-Specific Field

23.8 The Need For Dynamic Configuration

23.9 Dynamic Host Configuration

23.10 Dynamic IP Address Assignment

23.11 Obtaining Multiple Addresses

23.12 Address Acquisition States

23.14 Lease Renewal States

23.15 DHCP Message Format

23.16 DHCP Options And Message Type

23.17 Option Overload

23.18 DHCP And Domain Names

23.19 Summary

Chapter 24 The Domain Name System(DNS)

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Names For Machines

24.4 Hierarchical Names

24.5 Delegation Of Authority For Names

24.6 Subset Authority

24.7 Internet Domain Names

24.8 Official And Unofficial Internet Domain Names

24.9 Named Items And Syntax Of Names

24.10 Mapping Domain Names To Addresses

24.11 Domain Name Resolution

24.12 Efficient Translation

24.13 Caching：The Key To Efficiency

24.14 Domain Server Message Format

24.15 Compressed Name Format

24.16 Abbreviation Of Domain Names

24.17 Inverse Mappings

24.18 Pointer Queries

24.19 Object Types And Resource Record Contents

24.20 Obtaining Authority For A Subdomain

24.21 Summary

Chapter 25 Applications：Remote Login(TELNET，Rlogin)

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Remote Interactive Computing

25.3 TELNET Protocol

25.4 Accommodating Heterogeneity

25.5 Passing Commands That Control The Remote Side

25.6 Forcing The Server To Read A Control Function

25.7 TELNET Options

25.8 TELNET Option Negotiation

25.9 Rlogin(BSD UNIX)

25.10 Summary

Chapter 26 Applications：File Transfer And Access(FTP，TFTP，NFS)

26.1 Introduction

26.2 File Access And Transfer

26.3 On-line Shared Access

26.4 Sharing By File Transfer

26.5 FTP：The Major TCP/IP File Transfer Protocol

26.6 FTP Features

26.7 FTP Process Model

26.8 TCP Port Number Assignment

26.9 The User’s View Of FTP

26.10 An Example Anonymous FTP Session

26.11 TFTP

26.12 NFS

26.13 NFS Implementation

26.14 Remote Procedure Call(RPC)

26.15 Summary

Chapter 27 Applications：Electronic Mail(SMTP，POP，IMAP，MIME)

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Electronic Mail

27.3 Mailbox Names And Aliases

27.4 Alias Expansion And Mail Forwarding

27.5 The Relationship Of Internetworking And Mail

27.6 TCP?IP Standards For Electronic Mail Service

27.7 Electronic Mail Addresses

27.8 Pseudo Domain Addresses

27.9 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)

27.10 Mail Retrieval And Mailbox Manipulation Protocols

27.11 The MIME Extension for Non-ASCII Data

27.12 MIME Multipart Messages

27.13 Summary

Chapter 28 Applications :World Wide Web(HTTP)

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Importance Of The Web

28.3 Architectural Components

28.4 Uniform Resource Locators

28.5 An Example Document

28.6 Hypertext Transfer Protocol

28.7 HTTP GET Request

28.8 Error Messages

28.9 Persistent Connections And Lengths

28.10 Data Length And Program Output

28.11 Length Encoding And Headers

28.12 Negotiation

28.13 Conditional Requests

28.14 Support For Proxy Servers

28.15 Caching

28.16 Summary

Chapter 29 Applications :Voice And Video Over IP(RTP)

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Audio Clips And Encoding Standards

29.3 Audio And Video Transmission And Reproduction

29.4 Jitter And Playback Delay

29.5 Real-Time Transport Protocol(RTP)

29.6 Streams，Mixing，And Multicasting

29.7 RTP Encapsulation

29.8 RTP Control Protocol(RTCP)

29.9 RTCP Operation

29.10 IP Telephony And Signaling

29.11 Resource Reservation And Quality Of Service

29.12 QoS，Utilization，And Capacity

29.13 RSVP

29.14 COPS

29.15 Summary

Chapter 30 Applications :Internet Management(SNMP)

30.1 Introduction

30.2 The Level Of Management Protocols

30.3 Architectural Model

30.4 Protocol Framework

30.5 Examples of MIB Variables

30.6 The Structure Of Management Information

30.7 Formal Definitions Using ASN.1

30.8 Structure And Representation Of MIB Object Names

30.9 Simple Network Management Protocol

30.10 SNMP Message Format

30.11 Example Encoded SNMP Message

30.12 New Features In SNMPv3

30.13 Summary

Chapter 31 Summary Of Protocol Dependencies

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Protocol Dependencies

31.3 The Hourglass Model

31.4 Application Program Access

31.5 Summary

Chapter 32 Internet Security And Firewall Design(Ipsec)

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Protecting Resources

32.3 Information Policy

32.4 Internet Security

32.5 IP Security(IPsec)

32.6 IPsec Authentication Header

32.7 Security Association

32.8 IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload

32.9 Authentication And Mutable Header Fields

32.10 IPsec Tunneling

32.11 Required Security Algorithms

32.12 Secure Sockets

32.13 Firewalls And Internet Access

32.14 Multiple Connections And Weakest Links

32.15 Firewall Implementation

32.16 Packet-Level Filters

32.17 Security And Packet Filter Specification

32.18 The Consequence Of Restricted Access For Clients

32.19 Proxy Access Through A Firewall

32.20 The Details Of Firewall Architecture

32.21 Stub Network

32.22 An Alternative Firewall Implementation

32.23 Monitoring And Logging

32.24 Summary

Chapter 33 The Future Of TCP/IP(Ipv6)

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Why Change?

33.3 New Policies

33.4 Motivation For Changing Ipv4

33.5 The Road To A New Version Of IP

33.6 The Name Of The Next IP

33.7 Features Of Ipv6

33.8 General Form Of An Ipv6 Datagram

33.9 Ipv6 Base Header Format

33.10 Ipv6 Extension Headers

33.11 Parsing An Ipv6 Datagram

33.12 Ipv6 Fragmentation And Reassembly

33.13 The Consequence Of End-To-End Fragmentation

33.14 Ipv6 Source Routing

33.15 Ipv6 Options

33.16 Size Of The Ipv6 Address Space

33.17 Ipv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation

33.18 Three Basic IPv6 Address Types

33.19 The Duality Of Broadcast And Multicast

33.20 An Engineering Choice And Simulated Broadcast

33.21 Proposed Ipv6 Address Space Assignment

33.22 Embedded Ipv4 Addresses And Transition

33.23 Unspecified And Loopback Addresses

33.24 Unicast Address Hierarchy

33.25 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Structure

33.26 Interface Identifiers

33.27 Additional Hierarchy

33.28 Local Addresses

33.29 Autoconfiguration And Renumbering

33.30 Summary

Appendix 1 A Guide To RFCs

Appendix 2 Glossary Of Internetworking Terms And Abbreviations

Bibliography

Index