计算机网络与互联网：英文版

Preface

PART 1 Using And Building Internet Applications

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Growth Of Computer Networking

1.2 Complexity In Network Systems

1.3 Mastering The Complexity

1.4 Concepts And Terminology

1.5 The Value Of Hands-On Experience

1.6 Organization Of The Text

1.7 Summary

Chapter 2 Motivation And Tools

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Resource Sharing

2.3 Growth Of The Internet

2.4 Probing The Internet

2.5 Interpreting A Ping Response

2.6 Tracing A Route

2.7 Summary

Chapter 3 Network Programming And Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Network Communication

3.3 Client-Server Computing

3.4 Communication Paradigm

3.5 An Example Application Program Interface

3.6 An Intuitive Look At The API

3.7 Definition Of The API

3.8 Code For An Echo Application

3.9 Code For A Chat Application

3.10 Code For A Web Application

3.11 Managing Multiple Connections With The Select Function

3.12 Summary

PART II Data Transmission

Chapter 4 Transmission Media

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Copper Wires

4.3 Glass Fibers

4.4 Radio

4.5 Satellites

4.6 Geosynchronous Satellites

4.7 Low Earth Orbit Satellites

4.8 Low Earth Orbit Satellite Arrays

4.9 Microwave

4.10 Infrared

4.11 Light From A Laser

4.12 Summary

Chapter 5 Local Asynchronous Communication(RS-232)

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Need For Asynchronous Communication

5.3 Using Electric Current To Send Bits

5.4 Standards For Communication

5.5 Baud Rate,Framing,And Errors

5.6 Half And Full Duplex Asynchronous Communication

5.7 Limitations Of Real Hardware

5.8 Hardware Bandwidth And The Transmission Of Bits

5.9 The Effect Of Noise On Communication

5.10 Significance For Data Networking

5.11 Summary

Chapter 6 Long-Distance Communication (Carriers,Modulation,And Modems)

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sending Signals Across Long Distances

6.3 Modem Hardware Used For Modulation And Demodulation

6.4 Leased Analog Data Circuits

6.5 Optical,Radio Frequency,And Dialup Modems

6.6 Carrier Frequencies And Multiplexing

6.7 Baseband And Broadband Technologies

6.8 Wavelength Division Multiplexing

6.9 Spread Spectrum

6.10 Time Division Multiplexing

6.11 Summary

PART III Packet Transmission

Chapter 7 Packets,Frames,And Error Detection

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Concept Of Packets

7.3 Packets And Time-Division Multiplexing

7.4 Packets And Hardware Frames

7.5 Byte Stuffing

7.6 Transmission Errors

7.7 Parity Bits And Parity Checking

7.8 Probability,Mathematics,And Error Detection

7.9 Detecting Errors With Checksums

7.10 Detecting Errors With Cyclic Redundancy Checks

7.11 Combining Building Blocks

7.12 Burst Errors

7.13 Frame Format And Error Detection Mechanisms

7.14 Summary

Chapter 8 LAN Technologies And Network Topology

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Direct Point-to-Point Communication

8.3 Shared Communication Channels

8.4 Significance Of LANs And Locality Of Reference

8.5 LAN Topologies

8.6 Example Bus Network:Ethernet

8.7 Carrier Sense On Multi-Access Networks(CSMA)

8.8 Collision Detection And Backoff With CSMA/CD

8.9 802.11b Wireless LANs And CSMA/CA

8.10 Another Example Bus Network:LocalTalk

8.11 Ring Topology And Token Passing

8.12 Self-Healing Token Passing Networks

8.13 Example Star Network:ATM

8.14 Summary

Chapter 9 Hardware Addressing And Frame Type Identification

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Specifying A Recipient

9.3 How LAN Hardware Uses Addresses To Filter Packets

9.4 Format Of A Physical Address

9.5 Broadcasting

9.6 Multicasting

9.7 Multicast Addressing

9.8 Identifying Packet Contents

9.9 Frame Headers And Frame Format

9.10 An Example Frame Format

9.11 Using Networks That Do Not Have Self-Identifying Frames

9.12 Network Analyzers,Physical Addresses,Frame Types

9.13 Summary

Chapter 10 LAN Wiring,Physical Topology,And Interface Hardware

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Speeds Of LANs And Computers

10.3 Network Interface Hardware

10.4 The Connection Between A NIC And A Network

10.5 Original Thick Ethernet Wiring

10.6 Connection Multiplexing

10.7 Thin Ethernet Wiring

10.8 Twisted Pair Ethernet

10.9 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wiring Schemes

10.10 The Topology Paradox

10.11 Network Interface Cards And Wiring Schemes

10.12 10/100 Network Interfaces And Autonegotiation

10.13 Categories Of Wire

10.14 Wiring Schemes And Other Network Technologies

10.15 Summary

Chapter 11 Extending LANs:Fiber Modems,Repeaters,Bridges,and Switches

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Distance Limitation And LAN Design

11.3 Fiber Optic Extensions

11.4 Repeaters

11.5 Bridges

11.6 Frame Filtering

11.7 Startup And Steady State Behavior Of Bridged Networks

11.8 Planning A Bridged Network

11.9 Bridging Between Buildings

11.10 Bridging Across Longer Distances

11.11 A Cycle Of Bridges

11.12 Distributed Spanning Tree

11.13 Switching

11.14 Combining Switches And Hubs

11.15 Bridging And Switching With Other Technologies

11.16 Summary

Chapter 12 Long-Distance And Local Loop Digital Technologies

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Digital Telephony

12.3 Synchronous Communication

12.4 Digital Circuits,NIUs,And DSU/CSUs

12.5 Telephone Standards

12.6 DS Terminology And Data Rates

12.7 Lower Capacity Circuits

12.8 Intermediate Capacity Digital Circuits

12.9 Highest Capacity Circuits

12.10 Optical Carrier Standards

12.11 The C Suffix

12.12 Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)

12.13 The Local Subscriber Loop

12.14 ISDN

12.15 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Technology

12.16 Other DSL Technologies

12.17 Cable Modem Technology

12.18 Upstream Communication

12.19 Hybrid Fiber Coax

12.20 Fiber To The Curb

12.21 Head-End And Tail-End Modems

12.22 Wireless Alternatives For Special Cases

12.23 Broadcast Satellite Systems

12.24 Summary

Chapter 13 WAN Technologies And Routing

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Large Networks And Wide Areas

13.3 Packet Switches

13.4 Forming A WAN

13.5 Store And Forward

13.6 Physical Addressing In A WAN

13.7 Next-Hop Forwarding

13.8 Source Independence

13.9 Relationship Of Hierarchical Addresses To Routing

13.10 Routing In A WAN

13.11 Use Of Default Routes

13.12 Routing Table Computation

13.13 Shortest Path Computation In A Graph

13.14 Distributed Route Computation

13.15 Distance Vector Routing

13.16 Lind-State Routing(SPF)

13.17 Example WAN Technologies

13.18 Summary

Chapter 14 Connection-Oriented Networking And ATM

14.1 Introduction

14.2 A Single,Global Network

14.3 ISDN And ATM

14.4 ATM Design And Cells

14.5 Connection-Oriented Service

14.6 VPI/VCI

14.7 Labels And Label Switching

14.8 An Example Trip Through An ATM Network

14.9 Permanent Virtual Circuits

14.10 Switched Virtual Circuits

14.11 Quality Of Service

14.12 The Motivation For Cells And Label Switching

14.13 ATM Data Transmission And AAL5

14.14 Critique Of ATM

14.15 MultiProtocol Label Switching(MPLS)

14.16 Summary

Chapter 15 Network Characteristics:Ownership,Service Paradigm,And Performance

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Network Ownership

15.3 Privacy And Public Networks

15.4 Advantages And Disadvantages

15.5 Virtual Private Networks

15.6 Guaranteeing Absolute Privacy

15.7 Service Paradigm

15.8 Connection-Oriented Service Paradigm

15.9 Connectionless Service Paradigm

15.10 Interior And Exterior Service Paradigms

15.11 Comparison Of Service Paradigms

15.12 Examples Of Service Paradigms

15.13 Addresses And Connection Identifiers

15.14 Network Performance Characteristics

15.15 Jitter

15.16 Summary

Chapter 16 Protocols And Layering

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The Need For Protocols

16.3 Protocol Suites

16.4 A Plan For Protocol Design

16.5 The Seven Layers

16.6 Stacks:Layered Software

16.7 How Layered Software Works

16.8 Multiple,Nested Headers

16.9 The Scientific Basis For Layering

16.10 Techniques Protocols Use

16.11 The Art Of Protocol Design

16.12 Summary

PART IV Internetworking

Chapter 17 Internetworking:Concepts,Architecture,and Protocols

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Motivation For Internetworking

17.3 The Concept Of Universal Service

17.4 Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World

17.5 Internetworking

17.6 Physical Network Connection With Routers

17.7 Internet Architecture

17.8 Achieving Universal Service

17.9 A Virtual Network

17.10 Protocols For Internetworking

17.11 Significance Of Internetworking And TCP/IP

17.12 Layering And TCP/IP Protocols

17.13 Host Computers,Routers,And Protocol Layers

17.14 Summary

Chapter 18 IP:Internet Protocol Addresses

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Addresses For The Virtual Internet

18.3 The IP Addressing Scheme

18.4 The IP Address Hierarchy

18.5 Original Classes Of IP Addresses

18.6 Computing The Class Of An Address

18.7 Dotted Decimal Notation

18.8 Classes And Dotted Decimal Notation

18.9 Division Of The Address Space

18.10 Authority For Addresses

18.11 A Classful Addressing Example

18.12 Subnet And Classless Addressing

18.13 Address Masks

18.14 CIDR Notation

18.15 A CIDR Address Block Example

18.16 CIDR Host Addresses

18.17 Special IP Addresses

18.18 Summary Of Special IP Addresses

18.19 The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form

18.20 Routers And The IP Addressing Principle

18.21 Multi-Homed Hosts

18.22 Summary

Chapter 19 Binding Protocol Addresses(ARP)

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Protocol Addresses And Packet Delivery

19.3 Address Resolution

19.4 Address Resolution Techniques

19.5 Address Resolution With Table Lookup

19.6 Address Resolution With Closed-Form Computation

19.7 Address Resolution With Message Exchange

19.8 Address Resolution Protocol

19.9 ARP Message Delivery

19.10 ARP Message Format

19.11 Sending An ARP Message

19.12 Identifying ARP Responses

19.13 Caching ARP Responses

19.14 Processing An Incoming ARP Message

19.15 Layering,Address Resolution,Protocol Addresses

19.16 Summary

Chapter 20 IP Datagrams And Datagram Forwarding

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Connectionless Service

20.3 Virtual Packets

20.4 The IP Datagram

20.5 Forwarding An IP Datagram

20.6 IP Addresses And Routing Table Entries

20.7 The Mask Field And Datagram Forwarding

20.8 Destination And Next-Hop Addresses

20.9 Best-Effort Delivery

20.10 The IP Datagram Header Format

20.11 Summary

Chapter 21 IP Encapsulation,Fragmentation,And Reassembly

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Datagram Transmission And Frames

21.3 Encapsulation

21.4 Transmission Across An Internet

21.5 MTU,Datagram Size,And Encapsulation

21.6 Reasembly

21.7 Identifying A Datagram

21.8 Fragment Loss

21.9 Fragmenting A Fragment

21.10 Summary

Chapter 22 The Future IP(IPv6)

22.1 Introduction

22.2 The Success Of IP

22.3 The Motivation For Change

22.4 A Name And A Version Number

22.5 IPv6 Features

22.6 IPv6 Datagram Format

22.7 IPv6 Base Header Format

22.8 How IPv6 Handles Multiple Headers

22.9 Fragmentation,Reasembly,And Path MTU

22.10 The Purpose Of Multiple Headers

22.11 IPv6 Addressing

22.12 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation

22.13 Summary

Chapter 23 An Error Reporting Mechanism(ICMP)

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Best-Effort Semantics And Error Detection

23.3 Internet Control Message Protocol

23.4 ICMP Message Transport

23.5 Using ICMP Messages To Test Reachability

23.6 Using ICMP To Trace A Route

23.7 The Last Address Printed By Traceroute

23.8 Using ICMP For Path MTU Discovery

23.9 Summary

Chapter 24 UDP:Datagram Transport Service

24.1 Introduction

24.2 The Need For End-To-End Transport Protocols

24.3 The User Datagram Protocol

24.4 The Connectionless Paradigm

24.5 Message-Oriented Interface

24.6 UDP Communication Semantics

24.7 Arbitrary Interaction

24.8 Support For Unicast,Multicast,And Broadcast

24.9 Endpoint Identification With Protocol Port Numbers

24.10 UDP Datagram Format

24.11 The UDP Checksum And The Pseudo Header

24.12 UDP Encapsulation

24.13 Summary

Chapter 25 TCP:Reliable Transport Service

25.1 Introduction

25.2 The Need For Reliable Transport

25.3 The Transmission Control Protocol

25.4 The Service TCP Provides To Applications

25.5 End-To-End Service And Datagrams

25.6 Achieving Reliability

25.7 Packet Loss And Retransmission

25.8 Adaptive Retransmission

25.9 Comparison Of Retransmission Times

25.10 Buffers,Flow Control,And Windows

25.11 Three-Way Handshake

25.12 Congestion Control

25.13 TCP Segment Format

25.14 Summary

Chapter 26 Network Address Translation

26.1 Introduction

26.2 The Requirement For Unique Addresses

26.3 Network Address Translation Technology

26.4 NAT Topology

26.5 Possible Implementations Of NAT

26.6 Basic Address Translation

26.7 Translation Table

26.8 NAPT And TCP Splicing

26.9 Other Variants:Twice NAT And CAT

26.10 NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home

26.11 Summary

Chapter 27 Internet Routing

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Static Vs.Dynamic Routing

27.3 Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route

27.4 Dynamic Routing And Routers

27.5 Routing In The Global Internet

27.6 Autonomous System Concept

27.7 The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols

27.8 Routes And Data Traffic

27.9 The Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)

27.10 The Routing Information Protocol(RIP)

27.11 RIP Packet Format

27.12 The Open Shortest Path First Protocol(OSPF)

27.13 An Example OSPF Graph

27.14 OSPF Areas

27.15 Multicast Routing

27.16 Summary

PART V Network Applications

Chapter 28 Client-Server Interaction

28.1 Introduction

28.2 The Functionality Application Software Provides

28.3 The Functionality An Internet Provides

28.4 Making Contact

28.5 The Client-Server Paradigm

28.6 Characteristics Of Clients And Servers

28.7 Server Programs And Server-Class Computers

28.8 Requests,Responses,And Direction Of Data Flow

28.9 Transport Protocols and Client-Server Interaction

28.10 Multiple Services On One Computer

28.11 Identifying A Particular Service

28.12 Multiple Copies Of A Server For A Single Service

28.13 Dynamic Server Creation

28.14 Transport Protocols And Unambiguous Communication

28.15 Connection-Oriented And Connectionless Transport

28.16 A Service Reachable Through Multiple Protocols

28.17 Complex Client-Server Interactions

28.18 Interactions And Circular Dependencies

28.19 Summary

Chapter 29 The Socket Interface

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Application Program Interface

29.3 The Socket API

29.4 Sockets And Socket Libraries

29.5 Socket Communication And UNIX I/O

29.6 Sockets,Descriptors,And Network I/O

29.7 Parameters And The Socket API

29.8 Procedures That Implement The Socket API

29.9 Read And Write With Sockets

29.10 Other Socket Procedures

29.11 Sockets,Threads,And Inheritance

29.12 Summary

Chapter 30 Example Of A Client And A Server

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Connection-Oriented Communication

30.3 An Example Service

30.4 Command-Line Arguments For The Example Programs

30.5 Sequence Of Socket Procedure Calls

30.6 Code For Example Client

30.7 Code For Example Server

30.8 Stream Service And Multiple Recv Calls

30.9 Socket Procedures And Blocking

30.10 Size Of The Code And Error Reporting

30.11 Using The Example Client With Another Service

30.12 Using Another Client To Test The Server

30.13 Summary

Chapter 31 Naming With The Domain Name System

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Structure Of Computer Names

31.3 Geographic Structure

31.4 Domain Names Within An Organization

31.5 Domain Names That Begin With www

31.6 The DNS Client-Server Model

31.7 The DNS Server Hierarchy

31.8 Server Architectures

31.9 Locality Of Reference And Multiple Servers

31.10 Links Among Servers

31.11 Resolving A Name

31.12 Optimization Of DNS Performance

31.13 Types Of DNS Entries

31.14 Aliases Using The CNAME Type

31.15 An Important Consequence Of Multiple Types

31.16 Abbreviations And The DNS

31.17 Summary

Chapter 32 Electronic Mail Representation And Transfer

32.1 Introduction

32.2 The Electronic Mail Paradigm

32.3 Electronic Mailboxes And Addresses

32.4 Electronic Mail Message Format

32.5 Carbon Copies

32.6 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

32.7 E-mail And Application Programs

32.8 Mail Transfer

32.9 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

32.10 Optimizing For Multiple Recipients On A Computer

32.11 Mail Exploders,Lists,And Forwarders

32.12 Mail Gateways

32.13 Automated Mailing Lists

32.14 Mail Relays And E-mail Addresses

32.15 Mailbox Access

32.16 Dialup Connections And POP

32.17 Summary

Chapter 33 IP Telephony(VoIP)

33.1 Introduction

33.2 The Motivation And Challenge Of IP Telephony

33.3 Encoding ,Transmission,And Playback

33.4 Signaling Systems And Protocols

33.5 A Basic IP Telephone System

33.6 Interoperation With Other Telephone Systems

33.7 Alternative Terminology And Concepts

33.8 Proposed Protocols And Layering

33.9 H.323 Characteristics

33.10 H.323 Layering

33.11 SIP Characteristics And User Identification

33.12 SIP Methods

33.13 An Example SIP Session

33.14 Telephone Number Mapping And Routing

33.15 IP Telephones And Electrical Power

33.16 Summary

Chapter 34 File Transfer And Remote File Access

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Generalized File Transfer

34.3 The File Transfer Protocol

34.4 FTP General Model And User Interface

34.5 FTP Commands

34.6 Connections,Authorization,And File Permissions

34.7 Anonymous File Access

34.8 File Transfer In Either Direction

34.9 Wildcard Expansion In File Names

34.10 File Name Translation

34.11 Changing Directories And Listing Contents

34.12 File Types And Transfer Modes

34.13 Example FTP Session

34.14 Verbose Output

34.15 Client-Server Interaction In FTP

34.16 Control And Data Connections

34.17 Data Connections And End Of File

34.18 Trivial File Transfer Protocol

34.19 Network File System

34.20 Summary

Chapter 35 World Wide Web Pages And Browsing

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Browser Interface

35.3 Hypertext And Hypermedia

35.4 Document Representation

35.5 HTML Format And Representation

35.6 Example THML Formatting Tags

35.7 Headings

35.8 Lists

35.9 Embedding Graphics Images In A Web Page

35.10 Identifying A Page

35.11 Hypertext Links From One Document To Another

35.12 Client-Server Interaction

35.13 Web Document Transfer And HTTP

35.14 Browser Architecture

35.15 Optional Clients

35.16 Caching In Web Browsers

35.17 HTTP Support For Caching

35.18 Alternative Transfer Protocols

35.19 Other Markup Languages

35.20 Summary

Chapter 36 Dynamic Web Document Technologies (CGI,ASP,JSP,PHP,ColdFusion)

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Three Basic Types of Web Documents

36.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Document Type

36.4 Implementation Of Dynamic Documents

36.5 The CGI Standard

36.6 Output From A CGI Program

36.7 An Example CGI Program

36.8 Parameters And Environment Variables

36.9 State Information And Cookies

36.10 A CGI Script With Long-Term State Information

36.11 A CGI Script With Short-Term State Information

36.12 Forms And Interaction

36.13 Server-Side Scripting Technologies

36.14 Summary

Chapter 37 Active Web Document Technologies (Java,JavaScript)

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Continuous Update With Serer Push And Client Pull

37.3 Active Documents And Server Overhead

37.4 Active Document Representation And Translation

37.5 Java Technology

37.6 The Java Programming Language

37.7 The Java Runtime Environment

37.8 The Java Library

37.9 A Graphics Toolkit

37.10 Using Java Graphics On A Particular Computer

37.11 Java Interpreters And Browsers

37.12 Compiling A Java Program

37.13 An Example Applet

37.14 Invoking An Applet

37.15 Example Of Interaction With A Browser

37.16 Errors And Exception Handling

37.17 JavaScript Technology

37.18 Alternatives

37.19 Summary

Chapter 38 RPC and Middleware

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Programming Clients And Servers

38.3 Remote Procedure Call Paradigm

38.4 RPC Paradigm

38.5 Communication Stubs

38.6 External Data Representation

38.7 Middleware And Object-Oriented Middleware

38.8 Summary

Chapter 39 Network Management(SNMP)

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Managing An Internet

39.3 The Danger Of Hidden Failures

39.4 Network Management Software

39.5 Clients,Servers,Managers,And Agents

39.6 Simple Network Managment Protocol

39.7 Fetch-Store Paradigm

39.8 The MIB And Object Names

39.9 The Variety Of MIB Variables

39.10 MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays

39.11 Summary

Chapter 40 Network Security

40.1 Introduction

40.2 Secure Networks And Policies

40.3 Aspects Of Security

40.4 Responsibility And Control

40.5 Integrity Mechanisms

40.6 Access Control And Passwords

40.7 Encryption And Confidentiality

40.8 Public Key Encryption

40.9 Authentication With Digital Signatures

40.10 Internet Firewall Concept

40.11 Packet Filtering Using Ports

40.12 Using Packet Filters To Create A Firewall

40.13 Virtual Private Networks

40.14 Tunneling

40.15 Security Technologies

40.16 Summary

Chapter 41 Initialization(Configuration)

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Bootstrapping Protocol Software

41.3 Protocol Parameters

41.4 Protocol Configuration

41.5 Examples Of Items That Need To Be Configured

41.6 Configuration From Stable Storage

41.7 The Need To Automate Protocol Configuration

41.8 Methods For Automated Protocol Configuration

41.9 The Address Used To Find An Address

41.10 A Sequence Of Protocols Used During Bootstrap

41.11 Bootstrap Protocol(BOOTP)

41.12 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)

41.13 Optimizations In DHCP

41.14 Indirect Server Access Through A Relay

41.15 DHCP Message Format

41.16 DHCP And Domain Names

41.17 Summary

Appendix 1 Glossary Of Networking Terms And Abbreviations

Appendix 2 The ASCII Character Set

Appendix 3 Address Masks In Dotted Decimal

Appendix 4 How To Use The CD-ROM Included With This Book

Bibliography

Index