拯救我的新GRE写作（Issue）

目录

Contents

前言............................................................................................................................ i

使用本书.................................................................................................................. iii

Chapter 1 新GRE Issue介绍及备考建议

2011 Revised GRE Issue Introduction and Preparation 1

新GRE考试简介GRE Revised General Test Introduction 3

新GRE Issue部分介绍GRE Revised General Test Issue Introduction 5

新GRE Issue评分标准Revised GRE Issue Scoring Guide 9

新GRE Issue复习策略Revised GRE Issue Preparation 11

Chapter 2 新GRE Issue简明写作指导

2011 Revised GRE Issue Brief Writing Guide 15

写作要求分析Specific Instruction Analysis 17

文章结构Essay Organization 23

开头段落Opening Paragraph 25

正文段落Body Paragraph 29

结尾段落Concluding Paragraph 32

Chapter 3 复杂性和批判性思考

Complex and Critical Thinking Skills 35

Issue题目分析与写作Analysis of Issue Topic and Writing 37

定义抽象词Defining Abstract Terms 39

评价绝对用语Evaluating Absolute Terms 41

评价情态用语Evaluating Modal Terms 45

评价对比关系Evaluating Contrast Themes 51

评价判定标准Evaluating Judging Criteria 53

评价潜在假设Evaluating Unstated Assumption 54

限定讨论范围Narrowing the Topic 56

从题目背景入手Starting from Background Statement 57

举例子Raising Supporting Examples 59

因果关系Using Cause and Effect 61

让步展开Making Concession 63

提出批判性问题Raising Critical Questions 65

提出其他意见Discussing Alternatives 66

升华题目观点Introducing Higher Level Thinking 67

分情况讨论Considering Specific Circumstances 69

反击对立观点Addressing Opposing Points 71

权衡利弊Weighing Pros and Cons 78

评价逻辑关系Evaluating Reasoning Line 80

推演结果Predicting Possible Consequences 82

正文观点布局Topic Sentence Layout 83

列提纲Outlining 87

从读题到写提纲From Analysis to Outlining 89

Chapter 4 写作指导：成长，学习，教育

Writing Guide: Growth, Learning, Education 93

选修专业外的学科Courses Outside One’s Field of Study 95

研究领域与职业发展Research Field and Career Development 98

学校与学生职业发展Educational Institutions and Career Development 101

出国留学Studying in a Foreign Country 104

IssueTopic 05 国家统一课程Pre-college National Curriculum 107

观点不同与学习Disagreement and Learning 110

学习与兴趣Learning and Interest 112

不容易成功的研究领域Unlikely-to-succeed Fields 115

学习与考试Learning and Test 117

IssueTopic 10 赞扬和忽视Praise and Ignore 120

免费大学教育Free University Education 122

教师的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 124

家长与子女教育Parents and Schooling 126

学习理念、趋势和概念在先Studying Ideas, Trends and Concepts First 128

IssueTopic 15 学生的思想Students’ Spirit 130

合作和竞争Cooperation or Competition 132

学习与激励Learning and Motivation 134

发明与学习Innovations and Learning 136

学习与质疑Learning and Questioning 138

IssueTopic 20 天才儿童教育Talented Students Education 140

学术界外的工作Working Outside the Academic World 142

选修课Elective Courses 143

想象力文学Imaginative Literature 145

Chapter 5 写作指导：科学，技术，生活

Writing Guide: Science, Technology, Life 147

濒危物种保护Endangered Species Protection 149

IssueTopic 25 知识的局限性Limits of Knowledge 151

政府与科研资助Government and Scientific Funding 154

独立思考Thinking for Oneself 156

科研与公众福祉Research and Public Benefits 158

科技与人际交流Technology and Human Interaction 160

IssueTopic 30 科研与实用性Research and Practicality 161

新手与专家Beginners and Experts 164

过去的研究Past Achievements 165

领域外的知识和经验Knowledge and Experience Outside 167

偶然发现Accidental Discovery 169

IssueTopic 35 政府与科研限制Government and Research Restriction 170

人类智慧和机器智慧Human Intelligence Vs Machine Intelligence 172

科技与生活Technology and Life 173

奢华和方便Luxury and Convenience 175

快节奏的生活Rapid-paced Life 177

Chapter 6 写作指导：政治，法律，社会

Writing Guide: Politics, Law, Society

179

IssueTopic 40 国家的伟大Indicator of a Great Nation 181

政府决策Government Decision Making 184

原生态地区保护Wilderness Areas Protection 188

领导任期Leader Term Limit 190

政治家与道德Politicians and Morality 193

IssueTopic 45 国家领导者的工作效率National Leaders’ Effectiveness 195

领导与责任Leadership and Responsibility 197

质疑权威Questioning Authority 199

法律的灵活性Flexible Laws 200

法律与人Law and Human 202

IssueTopic 50 理性的一致和深奥的理想Reasonable Consensus or Elusive Ideals 204

当务之急和未来问题Immediate or Future Problems 206

向大众隐瞒信息Withholding Information from the Public 207

社会整体成功Society’s Overall Success 209

不公平的法律Unjust Laws 211

IssueTopic 55 企业社会责任Corporate Social Responsibility 214

丑闻Scandals 216

Chapter 7 写作指导：思想，行为，方法

Writing Guide: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 219

想象力Imagination 221

追寻长期目标Pursuing Long-term Goals 223

辩论Arguments 225

IssueTopic 60 人们的行为People’s Behaviors 227

批判性评判Critical Judgment 229

效忠与批判Committed or Critical 230

信仰与妥协Belief and Compromise 232

最好的主意Best Ideas 234

IssueTopic 65 形式与内容Image and Reality 235

人们的态度People’s Attitudes 237

危险活动Risky Action 239

讨论Discussion 241

成功与个人目标Success and Personal Goals 242

IssueTopic 70 事实与置信Facts and Trust 244

不择手段Any Means 246

Chapter 8 写作指导：历史，文化，传播

Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 249

历史与决策History and Decision Making 251

媒体与英雄人物Media and Hero 253

政府与艺术资助Government and Artistic Patronage 256

IssueTopic 75 社会模范Society’s Role Model 258

城市和文化传统City and Cultural Traditions 260

城市与社会特点Major Cities and Society’s Features 262

个人身份和社会群体Personal Identity and Social Groups 264

年轻人的潮流Trends of the Youth 265

IssueTopic 80 艺术资助与其完整性Artistic Patronage and the Integrity of Art 267

艺术与可理解性Art and Understandability 269

个人伟大的判断Judgment on Individuals’ Greatness 270

研究历史的好处Benefits of History Study 272

历史建筑保护Historical Buildings Protection 274

Chapter 9 写作参考：成长，学习，教育

Writing Reference: Growth, Learning, Education 277

创造性思维Creative Thinking 281

批判性思维Critical Thinking 282

社会化Socialization 284

情绪发展Emotional Development 285

Reference 005 决策能力培养Decision-making Skills 287

质疑能力培养Skepticism Development 289

独立思考能力Intellectual Autonomy 291

多维智力Multi-dimensional Intelligence 292

团队协作Teamwork 293

Reference 010 自我进步Self-improvement 295

教育的目的The Purposes of Education 296

教育与社会Education and Society 297

教育与社会控制Education and Social Control 299

教育与社会需求Needs-of-society Education 300

Reference 015 教育与学生需求Student-centered Education 303

教育与职业发展Education and Career Development 304

教育与收入Education and Benefits 306

教育与父母参与Education and Parent Involvement 307

教育与科技Education and Technology 310

Reference 020 出国留学Studying Abroad 312

大学的作用The Function of a University 314

免费大学教育Free University Education 316

义务教育Compulsory Education 317

居家教育Home-schooling 318

Reference 025 天才儿童教育Talented Learner Education 319

有关教师Teachers 321

教师的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 324

教育无用? Education is Useless? 326

选择教育的权利Choosing Your Own Education 326

Reference 030 与世隔绝的象牙塔School—Ivory Tower Isolated from the Outside World? 327

道德教育Moral Education 327

公民教育Citizenship Education 329

价值教育Value Education 329

品格教育Character Education 331

Reference 035 艺术教育Art Education 332

想象力文学Imaginative Works 333

学科交叉Interdisciplinarity 334

选修课Elective Course 336

课外活动Extracurricular Activities 337

Reference 040 国家统一课程National Curriculum 338

学习成绩评估Assessment of Learning 339

高风险的考试High-stake Test 340

学习与考试Learning and Testing 342

学习的目的Why We Learn 343

Reference 045 学习的过程How Do We Learn 345

学习与建立概念Learning and Conceptualizing 346

学习与理解思想Learning and Understanding Ideas 347

死记硬背Rote Learning 349

学习与讨论Learning and Discussion 350

Reference 050 学习与提问Learning and Questioning 351

学习与兴趣Learning and Interest 353

共同学习Cooperative Learning 355

学习与竞争Learning and Competition 356

学习与父母帮助Learning and Parents’ Help 358

Reference 055 学习与激励Learning and Motivation 360

赞扬与批评Praise and Criticism 362

头脑风暴Brainstorming 366

苏格拉底问答学习法Socratic Questioning Method 367

改造主义教育Educational Reconstructionism 368

Reference 060 构成主义教育Educational Constructivism 369

进步主义教育Educational Progressivism 369

人本主义教育Humanistic Education 371

要素主义教育Educational Essentialism 372

永恒主义教育Educational Perennialism 372

Chapter 10 写作参考：科学，技术，生活

Writing Reference: Science, Technology, Life 375

Reference 065 有关科学Science 379

现代科学起源Origins of Modern Science 381

技术进步Technological Advances 383

科学的自由Freedom of Science 385

科技与社会Science, Technology and Society 387

Reference 070 科技乌托邦Techno-utopianism 388

科技与质疑Science and Inquiry 389

科技双刃剑Science and Technology: a Two-edged Weapon 390

科学局限性Science and Its Limits 392

知识局限性Knowledge and Its Limits 394

Reference 075 科学发现Scientific Discovery 396

科学发现与运气Scientific Discovery and Serendipity 398

偶然发明Accidental Discoveries 399

科学研究Scientific Research 401

科学研究与资助Scientific Research and Funding 403

Reference 080 科学研究与伦理Scientific Research and Ethics 404

科学家与社会责任Scientists and Social Responsibility 406

科学研究与利益矛盾Scientific Research and Conflicting Interests 409

科学研究与公众利益Scientific Research and Public Benefits 411

科学研究与商业利益Scientific Research and Business Benefits 413

Reference 085 科学研究与不确定性Scientific Research and Uncertainty 414

21世纪的科学Science for 21st Century 415

科技促进交流Technology and Human Interaction 420

科技让人疏远Technology and Human Isolation 421

全球变暖Global Warming 422

Reference 090 石油危机Oil Crisis 423

物种灭绝Species Extinction 424

能源安全Energy Security 426

克隆Clone 427

干细胞研究Stem Cell Research 428

Reference 095 转基因食品Genetically Modified Food 429

低碳生活Low Carbon 430

核武器Nuclear Weapon 431

食品安全Food Security 432

水污染Water Pollution 432

Reference 100 可持续发展Sustainable Development 434

原生态区域保护Wilderness Areas Protection 435

保护臭氧层Ozone Layer Protection 438

艾滋病AIDS 438

贫困Global Poverty 439

Reference 105 信息时代Cyber Age 440

网瘾Internet Addiction Disorder 442

全球化Globalization 443

现代化与传统Modernization and Tradition 444

消费Consumption 445

Reference 110 恐怖主义Terrorism 448

人工智能Artificial Intelligence 449

老龄化An Aging Society 450

Chapter 11 写作参考：政治，法律，社会

Writing Reference: Politics, Law, Society 453

有关政治Politics 455

公民参与Civic Engagement 457

Reference 115 政治决策Political Decision 457

政治信仰Political Belief 459

绿色政治哲学Green Political Philosophy 460

政治与道德Politics and Morality 461

有关政府Government 463

Reference 120 政府透明运作Transparency in Government Operations 465

优质管理Good Governance 467

政绩考核Government Performance Measurement 468

国家实力National Power 470

战略计划Strategic Planning 471

Reference 125 危机管理Crisis Management 473

政府预测Government Forecasting 474

有关领导者Leaders 475

广开言路Leaders and Openness 478

领导与责任Leaders and Responsibility 478

Reference 130 领导任期限制Leader Term Limits 480

有关法律Law 482

法律的作用Functions of Law 483

法律变革Legal Reform 485

法律与服从Law and Obedience 486

Reference 135 不公平的法律Unjust Law 488

不合作主义Civil Disobedience 489

法律与道德Law and Morality 491

权利与权威Power and Authority 492

社会与个体Society and Individuals 495

Reference 140 集体利益Common Good 497

企业社会责任Corporate Social Responsibility 498

审查制度Censorship 501

丑闻Scandals 503

Chapter 12 写作参考：思想，行为，方法

Writing Reference: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 507

有关信仰Belief 509

Reference 145 信仰与质疑Beliefs and Skepticism 510

质疑与生活Skepticism and Life 512

挑战信仰Challenging Beliefs 513

辩论Argument 514

四种讨论方法Four Discussion Methods 516

Reference 150 反对的艺术The Art of Disagreement 518

建设性反对Constructive Disagreement 520

想象力Imagination 521

创造力Creativity 524

创意Best Ideas 526

Reference 155 模仿与创新Imitation and Creation 527

有关态度Attitude 528

形象与实际Image and Reality 532

风险管理Think Before You Act 534

有关成功Success 535

Reference 160 设定个人目标Setting Personal Goals 538

知识与经验Knowledge and Experience 540

个人主义与集体主义Individualism and Collectivism 542

功利主义Utilitarianism 543

马基雅维利主义Machiavellism 544

Reference 165 实用主义Pragmatism 546

Chapter 13 写作参考：历史，文化，传播

Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 549

有关历史History 551

历史重要性History and Its Importance 552

历史建筑保护Historical Buildings Protection 555

大国崛起Great Powers 557

Reference 170 有关文化Culture 559

跨文化交流Intercultural Communication 560

文化身份与全球化Cultural Identity and Globalization 562

有关宗教Religion 564

仪式、典礼与文化Ritual, Ceremony and Culture 565

Reference 175 流行文化Fashions and Fads 566

个人身份Personal Identity 570

时尚与身份Fashion and Identity 571

有关城市City 572

城市与文化展示City and Culture Show 575

Reference 180 有关媒体Mass Media 576

媒体自由The Freedom of Media 579

言论自由The Freedom of Speech 580

媒体与偷窥Media and Voyeurism 581

社会模范Society’s Role Model 582

Reference 185 有关艺术Art 585

艺术精神Art Spirit 586

艺术与完整性Art and Integrity 588

艺术与资助Art and Patronage 589

艺术与评论Art and Criticism 591

Reference 190 艺术与观众Art and Audience 593

Chapter 14 人物素材史料库

Influential People and Their Brief Stories 597

人物People: BCE–1000 599

人物People: 1000–1500 602

人物People: 1500–1600 605

人物People: 1600–1800 607

人物People: 1800–1850 611

人物People: 1850–1900 616

人物People: 1900–Present 622

Chapter 15 附录

Appendices 627

关键词替换Issue Task Keyword Alternative 629

主要参考文献及推荐阅读Principal Sources and Further Reading 637