应用PLD的数字电子技术（英文版）

PART I

Digital Basics 2

Chapter l

Analog to Digital 2

Moon Walk 4

1-1 Your Course in Electronics 5

1-2 Analog and Digital Data and Devices 7

1-2-1 Analog Data and Devices 7

1-2-2 Digital Data and Devices 8

1-3 Analog and Digital Signal Conversion 12

Chapter 2

Number Systems and Codes 16

Leibniz's Language Of Logic 18

2-1 The Decimal Number System 19

2-1-1 Positional Weight 19

2-1-2 Reset and Carry 20

2-2 The Binary Number System 21

2-2-1 Positional Weight 22

2-2-2 Reset and Carry 22

2-2-3 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal

Numbers 24

2-2-4 Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary

Numbers 25

2-3 The Hexadecimal Number System 27

2-3-1 Converting Hexadecimal Numbers to Decimal

Numbers 27

2-3-2 Converting Decimal Numbers to Hexadecimal

Numbers 29

2-3-3 Converting Between Binary and

Hexadecimal 31

2-4 The Octal Number System 32

2-4-1 Converting Octal Numbers to Decimal

Numbers 33

2-4-2 Converting Decimal Numbers to Octal

Numbers 34

2-4-3 Converting BetWeen Binary and Octal 35

2-5 Binary Codes 37

2-5-1 The Binary Coded Decimal (BDC) Code 37

2-5-2 The Excess-3 Code 38

2-5-3 The Gray Code 39

2-5-4 The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) 40

Chapter 3

Loglc Gates 46

Back to the Future 48

3-l Hardware for the Binary Systems 49

3-1-1 Using the Diode to Construct a Logic Gate 50

3-1-2 Using the Transistor to Construct a Logic Gate

52

3-2 Basic Logic Gates 54

3-2-1 The OR Gate 54

3-2-2 The AND Gate 59

3-3 Inverting Logic Gates 65

3-3-1 The NOT Gate 66

3-3-2 The NOR Gate 68

3-3-3 The NAND Gate 71

34 Exclusive Logic Gates 74

3-4-1 The XOR Gate 74

3-4-2 The XNOR Gate 77

3-5 IEEE/ANSI Systems fot Logic Gates 80

Chapter 4

Standard Logic versus Programmable Logic 88

A Problem with Early Mornings 90

4-1 Why Use Programmable Logic Devices? 91

4-l-1 bestructing a Circuit Using Standard Logic

Devices 91

4-1-2 Constructing a Circuit Using Progranunable

Logic Devices 93

4-2 Types of Programmable Logic Devices 95

4-2-1 Early Programmable Logic Devices 95

4-2-2 Today's Programmable Logic Devices 96

4-3 Programming a PLD 98

4-4 PLD Software "Quick Start" 98

Chapter 5

DigitaI IC Types 118

A Noyce Invention 120

5-1 The Bipolor Famly of Digital Integrated Circuits 122

5-1-1 Standard TTL Logic Gate Circuits 123

5-1-2 Low-Power and High-Speed TTL Logic Gates

131

5-1-3 Schottky TTL Logic Gates I31

5-1-4 Open-Collector TTL Gates 134

5-1-5 Three-State (Tri-State) Output TTL Gates 135

5-1-6 Buffer/Driver TTL Gates 137

5-1-7 Schmitt-Trigger TTL Gates 138

5-1-8 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Gate Circuits

141

5-1-9 Integrated-Injection Logic (I2L) Gate Circuits

144

5-2 The MOS Family of Digital Integrated Circuits 146

5-2-1 PMOS (P-Channel MOS) Logic Circuits 147

5-2-2 NMOS (N-Channel MOS) Logic Circuits 148

5-2-3 CMOS (Complementary MOS) Logic Circuits

148

5-2-4 MOSFET Handling Precautions 153

5-3 DigitaI IC Package Types and Complexity

Classification 154

5-3-1 Early Digital IC Package Types 154

5-3-2 Present-Day Digital IC Package Types I56

5-3-3 Digital IC Circuit Complexity Classification I56

5-4 Comparing and Interfacing Bipolar and MOS Logic

Pamilies 157

5-4-1 The Bipolar Family 157

5-4-2 The MOS Family 158

5-4-3 Interfacing Logic Families 159

5-4-4 Other Logic Gate Families 162

Chapter 6

Doubleshooting Logic Gates 172

Space the Final Frontier 174

6-1 Digital Test Equipment 176

6-1-1 Testing with the Multimeter 176

6-1-2 Testing with the Oscilloscope 176

6-1-3 Testing with the Logic Clip I8I

6-1-4 Tosting with the Logic Probe 182

6-1-5 Testing with the Logic Pulser 184

6-1-6 Testing with the Current Tracer 185

6-2 Digital Circuit Problems 187

6-2-1 Digital IC Problems 188

6-2-2 Other Digital Circuit Device Problems 192

6-3 Circuit Repair 196

6-4 PLD Software Simulation 197

Chapter 7

Logic Circuit Simplification 2O8

From Folly to Foresight 210

7-1 Boolean Expressions for Logic Gates 211

7-l-1 The NOT Expression 21I

7-1-2 The OR Expression 212

7-l-3 The AND Expression 213

7-l-4 The NOR Expression 216

7-1-5 The NAND Expression 218

7-1-6 The XOR Expression 219

7-1-7 The XNOR Expression 220

7-2 Boolean Algebra Lawe and Rules 222

7-2-1 The Commutative Law 222

7-2-2 The Associative Law 223

7-2-3 The Distributite Law zz4

7-2-4 Boolean Algebra Ruls 22S

7-3 From Ttuth Table to Gate Circuit 230

7-4 Gate Circuit Simplification 234

74-1 Boolean Algebta SimpIification 234

7-4-2 Karnaugh Map Shaplification 236

PART II

Digital Circuits 248,

Chapter 8

Decoders and Encoders 248

Working with Wang 250

8-1 Decoders 251

8-1-1 Basic Decoder Circuits 251

8-1-2 Decimal Decoders 256

8-l-3 Hexadecimal Decoders 264

8-1-4 Display Decoders 270

8-2 Encoders 281

8-2-1 Basic Encoder Circuits 281

8-2-2 Decimal-to-BCD Encoders 286

8-3 Troubleshooting Decoders and Encoders 292

8-3-1 An Encoder and Deboder Circuit 292

8-3-2 Sample Problems 298

Chapter 9

Other Combinational Logic Circuits 306

Keeping it BASIC 30s

9-1 Multiplexers 309

9-1-1 One-of-Eight Data Multiplexer/Selector 312

9-1-2 Four-of-Eight Data Multiplexer/Selector 324

9-2 Demultiplexers 330

9-2-1 A One-Line to Eight-Line Demultiplexer 333

9-2-2 A One-Line to Sixteen-Line Demultiplexer 335

9-2-3 A Three-Line to Eight-Line Decoder/

Demultiplexer 339

9-3 Comparators 349

9-3-l A 4-Bit Binary Comparator 349

9-3-2 A 4-Bit Magnitude Comparator 352

9-4 Parity Generators and Checkers 357

9-4-1 Even or Odd Parity 358

9-4-2 A 9-Bit Parity Generator/Checker 361

9-5 Troubleshooting Combinational Logic Circuits 365

9-5-1 A Combinational Logic Circuit 366

9-5-2 Sample Problems 370

Chapter 10

Set-Reset and Data-Type Flip-Flops 380

The Persistor 382

10-1 Set-Reset (S-R) Flip-Flops 383

10-1-1 Basic S-R Flip-Flop or S-R Latch 383

10-1-2 NOR S-R Latch and NAND S-R Latch 386

10-1-3 Level-Triggered S-R Flip-Flops 394

l0-1-4 Edge-Triggered S-R Flip-Flops 394

10-l-5 Pulse-Triggered S-R Flip-Flops 397

10-2 Data-Type (D-Type) Flip-Flops 405

l0-2-1 Level-Triggered D-Type Flip-Flops 406

10-2-2 Edge-Triggered D-Type Flip-Flops 411

10-2-3 Pulse-Triggered D-Type Flip-Flops 422

10-3 Troubleshooting Set-Reset and Data-Type Flip-Flop

Circuits 424

l0-3-1 A Flip-Flop Logic Circuit 424

l0-3-2 Step 1: Diagnose 427

10-3-3 Step 2: Isolate 428

10-3-4 Step 3: Repair 429

10-3-5 Sample Problems 429

Chapter 11

J-K Flip-Flops and Timer Circuits 438

Go and Do "Something More Useful" 440

11-1 J-K Flip-Flops 441

11-l-1 Edge-Triggered J-K Flip-Flops 441

11-1-2 Pulse-Triggered J-K Flip-Flops 445

11-2 Digital Tmer and Control Circuits 461

11-2-1 The Astable Multivibrator Circuit 461

1l-2-2 The Monostable Multivibrator Circuit 465

1l-2-3 The 555 Timer Circuit 475

11-3 Troubleshooting J-K Flip-Flop and Timer

Circuits 484

l1-3-1 A Flip-Flop Logic Circuit 484

11-3-2 Sample Problems 489

Chapter l2

Reglsters 498

Trash 500

12-l Buffer Registers 501

12-2 Shift Registers 503

12-2-1 Serial-In, Serial-Out (SISO) Shift Registers 507

12-2-2 Serial-In, Parallel-Out(SIPO) Shift Registers

513

12-2-3 Parallel-In, Serial-Out (PISO) Shift Registers

525

12-2-4 Bidirectional Universal Shift Register 536

12-3 Three-State Output Registers 544

12-4 Register Applications 554

12-4-1 Memory Registers 554

12-4-2 Serial-to-Parallel and Parallel-to-Serial

Conversions 555

12-4-3 Arithmetic Operations 557

12-4-4 Shift Register Counters/Sequenpers 558

12-5 Troubleshooting Register Circuits 572

12-5-1 A Register Circuit 573

12-5-2 Sample Problems 577

Chapter l3

Counters 586

The Great Experimenter 588

13-1 Asynchronous Counters 589

13-1-1 Asynchronous Binary Up Counters 589

l3-1-2 Asynchronous Binary Down Canters 597

13-1-3 Asynchronous Binary Up/Down Deunters 602

13-1-4 Asynchronous Decade (mod-10) Counters

606

13-1-5 Asynchronous Presettable Counters 612

13-2 Synchronous Counters 618

13-2-1 SynchrQnous Binary Up Counters 618

13-2-2 Synchronous Counter Advantages 623

13-2-3 Synchronous Presettable Binary Counters 624

13-2-4 Synchronous Decade (MOD-10).Counters 638

13-2-5 Synchronous Up/Down Counters 644

13-3 Counter Applications 651

13-3-1 A Digital Clock 651

13-3-2 A Frequency Counter 653

13-3-3 A Multiplexed Display 659

13-4 Troubleshooting Counter Circuits 660

13-4-1 A Counter Circuit 660

13-4-2 Sample Problems 663

Chapter l4

Aritbmetic Operations and Circuits 670

The Wizard of Menlo Park 672

14-1 Arithinetic Operations 673

14-1-l Binary Arithmetic 673

14-1-2 Representing Positive and Negative Numbers

680

14-1-3 Two's Complement Arithmetic 687

l4-1-4 Representing Large and Sman\Numbers 697

14-2 Arithmetic Circuits 699

14-2-1 Half-Adder Circuit 699

14-2-2 Full-Adder Circuit 703

14-2-3 Parallel-Adder Circuit 707

14-3 Arithmetic Circuit Applications 718

14-3-1 Basic Two's Complement Adder/Subtractor

Circuit 718

l4-3-2 An Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) IC 722

l4-4 TroubIeshooting Arithmetic Circuits 728

14-4-1 An Arithmetic Circuit 728

14-4-2 Sample Problems 730

Chapter l5

Sendconductor Memories 736

The Turing Enigma 738

15-1 Semiconductor Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 739

l5-1-1 A Basic Diode ROM 739

l5-1-2 A Diode ROM with Internal Decoding 741

15-1-3 Semiconductor ROM Characteristics 741

15-1-4 ROM Types 750

l5-l-5 ROM Applications 757

15-1-6 ROM Testing 759

l5-2 Semiconductor Read/Write Memories (RWMs) 761

15-2-l SAMs Versus RAMs 761

l5-2-2 RAM Types 763

15-2-3 RAM Applications 776

l5-2-4 RAM Testing 781

l5-3 Troubleshooting Memory Circuits 784

l5-3-1 A Memory Circuit 784

l5-3-2 Sample Problems 788

Chapter l6

Analog and Digita1 Signa1 Converters 799

The First Pocket Calculator 800

16-1 Analog and Digital Signa1 Conversion 801

16-1-l Connecting Analog and DigitaI Devices to a

Computer 803

16-1-2 Converting Information Signals 803

16-2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) 805

16-2-1 Binary-Weighted Resistor DAC 805

16-2-2 R/2R Ladder DAC 808

l6-2-3 DAC Characteristics 812

16-2-4 A DAC Data Sheet and Application Circuit

816

l6-2-5 Testing DACs 8I9

16-3 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) 819

l6-3-1 Staircase ADC 819

16-3-2 Successive Approximation ADC 821

l6-3-3 Flash ADC 823

16-3-4 An ADC Data Sheet and Application Circuit

825

l6-3-5 Testing ADCs 827

l6-4 Troubleshooting Data Converter Circuits 829

16-4-1 A Data Converter Circuit 829

16-4-2 Sample Problems 831

PART II

Digital Systems 838

Chapter l7

Introduction to Microprocessors 838

Making an Impact 840

17-l Microcomputer Basics 841

17-1-1 Hardware 841

17-1-2 Software 844

l7-2 A Microcomputer System 851

17-2-1 Theory of Operation 851

l7-2-2 Troubleshooting Microprocessor Systems 875

SAM (Simplified All-purpose Microcomputer)

Schematic Diagram 889

Appendixes

A Xilinx HDL Alternative and FPGA Tutorial 893

B Altera HDL Alternative 930

C Answers to Self-Test Review Questions 979

D Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 985

Index 991