高级英语写作指南

PrefaceI

PARTIWarmingUp1

CHAPTERIAnIntroductiontoWritinginEnglish5

WHYISWRITINGSOIMPORTANT6

WritingInfluencestheWayWeThink6

WritingContributestotheWayWeLearn8

GoodWritingLeadstoSuccessinCollegeandCareer

WritingEnrichesPersonalGrowth9

WHATISGOODWRITING11

GoodWritingIsGoodThinking11

GoodWritingInvolvesThoughtfulRevision13

GoodWritingIsDirectedTowardanAudience14

GoodWritingAchievesaClearPurpose17

GoodWritingExpressesIdeasClearly18

YOURROADTOSUCCESSASANON-NATIVESPEAKER19

YourAdvantagesasaNon-nativeSpeaker20

YourDisadvantagesasaNon-nativeSpeaker22

TipsforImprovingYourEnglish24

CHAPTER2TheWritingProcess:ABird's-EyeView34

WRITINGASASOCIALACT34

TopicorSubject36

Audience37

PurposeandRole42

WRITINGASAPROCESS44

Inventing45

PlanningandDrafting46

Revising48

EditingandProofreading49

WritingasaRecursiveProcess49

PARTIIStrategiesforInventing,Reading,Think-ing,andResearching51

CHAPTER3InventingandPlanning56

Freewriting57

Brainstorming61

Branching65

Cubing68

QuestioningorJournalisticFormula71

WhichTechniqueShouldYouUse?74

PlanningandOutlining75

CHAPTER4ReadingwithaCriticalEye83

READINGACTIVELY84

Previewing85

Skimming88

Reading

"OnRacistSpeech"CharlesR.LawrenceIII89

Annotating92

Reading

"TheHarmfulMythofAsianSuperiority"RonaldTakaki95

COMPREHENDINGCONSTRUCTIVELY98

Outlining99

Paraphrasing101

Summarizing103

RESPONDINGTHOUGHTFULLY106

Exploring106

Evaluating108

Readings

"Everybody'sChildren"ColinL.Powell114

"TheDoctorWon'tSeeYouNow"JamesGorman119

"CompetitionIsDestructive"AlfieKohn121

CHAPTER5ThinkingCritically126

WHATISCRITICALTHINKING126

WRITINGTOFACILITATECRITICALTHINKING126

Reading

"InDefenseoftheAnimals"MegGreenfield133

INDUCTIVEREASONING138

What'sInductiveReasoning138

TheMoretheMerrier140

AWordofCaution143

Reading

"IWantaWife"JudyBrady145

DEDUCTIVEREASONING148

WhatIsDeductiveReasoning148

PremisesandSyllogism151

Reading

"Unabomber'sNextVictim:Responsibility"GeorgeWill163

FALLACIES166

Equivocation167

CircularReasoning(Tautology)168

BeggingtheQuestion169

GuiltbyAssociation169

Overgeneralization170

HastyGeneralization170

Oversimplification171

PostHoc172

Readings

"OfferingEuthanasiaCanBeanActofLove"DerekHumphry175

"TheLanguageofAdvertisingClaims"JeffreySchrank178

CHAPTER6Researching,Using,andAcknowledgingSources187

FIELDRESEARCH189

Observing189

Interviewing191

Surveying194

LIBRARYRESEARCH199

GeneralReferences200

Indexes,Abstracts,andCatalogs201

Bibliographies202

ElectronicSources202

USINGSOURCES204

EvaluatingSources205

IncorporatingSourcesinYourOwnWriting207

ACKNOWLEDGINGSOURCES213

In-textParentheticalCitation214

WorksCitedorReferencesList217

PARTIIIStrategiesforDescriptiveandNar-rativeWritings227

CHAPTER7DescribingEvents233

Readings

"FreeFalling"ScotWeckerly236

"UnripenedLight"AlYoung243

KeyFeaturesofWritingsaboutEvents251

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite253

CHAPTER8DescribingPeople260

Readings

"UncleWillie"MayaAngelou261

"OnlyShe"ErickYoung267

KeyFeaturesofWritingsaboutPeople274

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite275

CHAPTER9WritingProfiles281

Readings

"AldaHanna:32YearsofThemeSongsandScience"AnnetteSpahr282

"InsidetheBrain"DavidNoonan287

KeyFeaturesofProfileWriting297

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite298

PARTIVStrategiesforInformativeandEx-planatoryWritings305

CHAPTER10WritingtoInform310

Readings

"HostFamiliesAreNeeded"312

"TheFriendshipCommunityCenter:CampaignforFriendship"315

"DangersofSmoking"JenniferWalters320

KeyFeaturesofInformativeWritings324

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite325

CHAPTER11WritingtoExplainHow330

Readings

"MiniSpringRolls"331

"InFiveEasySteps"AlisonPoller334

"BeatingtheBlues,WinningtheGame"ElizabethA.Thomas338

KeyFeaturesofWritingsExplainingHow343

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite345

CHAPTER12WritingtoExplainWhat350

Readings

"Love:TheRightChemistry?"AnastasiaToufexis351

"FallingBelowtheNorm:MentalRetardation"RobertS.Feldman361"AIDS"367

KeyFeaturesofWritingsExplainingWhat372

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite375

PARTVStrategiesforPersuasiveandArgu-mentativeWritings381

CHAPTER13WritingtoArgue386

Readings

"MakingMonsters"PhuongPham394

"FiveMythsaboutImmigration"DavidCole400

"TheHardQuestions:OurBodies,OurClones"Jean

BethkeElshtain408

KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWritings415

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite418

CHAPTER14WritingtoPropose428

Readings

"ThisIsn'tSuchaDumbIdea"LeighMontville434

"MoreTesting,MoreLearning"PatrickO'Malley439

"SpamControlProposal"JonDavis447

KeyFeaturesofWritingProposals455

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite457

CHAPTER15WritingtoAnalyze466

Readings

"Saddam'sAdvantage:IraqHopestoScorePointsasVic-

timofU.S.Aggression"DavidT.Twining468

"WhyDoSoManyRiskSoMuchForSex?"DeliaM.Rios

472

"CrackandtheBox"PeteHamill477

KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWriting487

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite489

CHAPTER16WritingtoEvaluate496

Readings

"OvertheHill?IThinkNot!"RichardGingrich499

"SongedeTitanic"FrankThompson502

"TopTenBestCollegeBuysNow"DeniseM.Topolnicki

512

KeyFeaturesofArgumentativeWriting519

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite522

PARTVIStrategiesforOtherWritingSituations529

CHAPTER17WritingResearchPapers533

Readings

"Dating,SocialAvoidanceandDistress"MarshallPris-

bell535

"ImmunocytochemistryDejaVu"DavidJ.DabbsandXiaohongWang542

KeyFeaturesofResearchPapers544

NowIt'sYourTurntoWrite551

CHAPTER18TakingEssayExams575

KeyFeaturesofEssayExams576

PreparingforEssayExams578

TakingEssayExams580

SampleEssayExamQuestionsandAnswers584

CHAPTER19WritingforBusinessPurposes599

MEMOS599

KeyFeaturesofMemos600

SampleMemos603

BUSINESSLETTERS607

KeyFeaturesofBusinessLetters607

SampleBusinessLetters(withThreeKindsofMessages)616

REFERENCELETTERS623

KeyFeaturesofReferenceLetters623

CHAPTER20WritingforApplicationPurposes631

RESUMEORCURRICULUMVITAE632

PreparingfortheResume632

WritingtheResume635

TipsforWritingWinningResumes640

SampleResumes646

COVERLETTERS658

PreparingfortheCoverLetter659

WritingtheCoverLetter662

TipsforWritingWinningCoverLetters667

SampleCoverLetters670

PARTVIIStrategiesforRevisingandEditing677

CHAPTER21EssayOrganization682

ENGLISHANDCHINESEORGANIZATIONALPATTERNS:ACON-TRASTIVEVIEW682

FIVEBASICORGANIZATIONALPATTERNS687

General-to-Specific/Abstract-to-Concrete687

Specific-to-General/Concrete-to-Abstract692

OrderofImportance694

ChronologicalOrder696

SpatialOrder698

OtherOrganizationalPatterns700

INTRODUCTION701

Narrative703

Descriptive705

Preparatory706

Corrective708

Inquisitive709

OtherIntroductions710

THESISSTATEMENT713

CONCLUSION716

RestatingtheMainPoints716

ReferringBacktotheThesis(andtheIntroduction)717

SuggestingaSolution,FurtherStudy,orPredictinganOutcome718

GivingaHumorousCommentorUnexpectedTwist719

CHAPTER22EssayDevelopment721

DESCRIPTION722

Naming722

Specifying725

Comparing727

AppealingtotheSenses729

NARRATION736

OrderingNarrativeAction736

DevelopingNarrativeAction738

NarrativePointofView743

DEFINITION744

SentenceDefinition745

ExtendedDefinition747

CLASSIFICATION750

ChoosingthePrinciplestoClassify753

TestingtheEffectiveness754

ExplainingEachSubgroup756

EXAMPLE759

RelevantExamples760

SpecificExamples761

SufficientExamples762

COMPARISONANDCONTRAST765

PointsforComparingandContrasting766

TwoWaysforOrganizingComparisonandContrast768

CAUSEANDEFFECT772

DistinguishingBetweenCauseandEffect773

Necessity,sufficiency,andMill'sMethods776

OrganizingCauseandEffect779

CHAPTER23SentenceDevelopment786

DEVELOPINGMATURESENTENCES787

FiveBasicSentencePatterns787

SentenceExpansion788

FourBasicSentenceTypes793

OtherSyntacticalPatterns797

SentenceVarietyandMaturity802

AVOIDINGSENTENCEERRORS810

FusedSentencesandCommaSplice810

SentenceFragments814

Subject-VerbAgreement817

PronounAgreement821

PronounReference825

MisplacedandDanglingModifiers828

FaultyParallelism832

CHAPTER24WordChoice836

LEVELSOFDICTION836

FormalandInformal836

General/AbstractandSpecific/Concrete841

DenotationandConnotation843

WordinessandRedundancy845

JargonandSlang854

Archaisms,Neologisms,andDialects858

TriteExpressionsandCliche861

Euphemisms,OffensiveTerms,andSexistLanguage865

FIGURESOFSPEECH871

SimileandMetaphor871

Overstatement(Hyperbole)andUnderstatement876

Irony,Paradox,andOxymoron878

CHAPTER25PunctuationandMechanics882

PUNCTUATION883

Comma[,]883

Colon[:]andSemicolon[;]889

Period[.],QuestionMark[?],andExclamationPoint[!]895

QuotationMarks[“”]899

Dash,Parentheses,andBrackets904

Slash,Hyphen,Apostrophe,andEllipsis909

MECHANICS912

CapitalLetters913

ItalicsandUnderlines918

AbbreviationsandAcronyms921

Numbers923

Subject,Author,andTitleList927

Acknowledgments939

WorksCitedandConsulted942