Annual Report on Energy-Saving and New Energy Ve

Contents

ⅠIndustrial Environment Part

Special Topic 1 Energy Situations and Vehicle Energy Consumption Measurement2

1．1 Global Vehicle Energy Development Strategies2

1．1．1 China’s Energy Situations and Vehicle Energy Strategy2

1．1．2 Energy Situation and Vehicle Energy Development Strategies of the EU， the U．S．， and Japan5

1．2 Measurement of Vehicle Energy Consumption in China9

1．2．1 Measurement Model of Total Vehicle Energy Consumption9

1．2．2 Vehicle Population Structure Based on Ages10

1．2．3 Driving Range of Vehicles12

1．2．4 Average Fuel Consumption Based on Vehicle Types14

1．2．5 Vehicle Survival Rate Analysis14

1．2．6 2016 Vehicle Energy Measurement Analysis15

Special Topic 2 Overall Development of Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicle Industry18

2．1 Overall Development of the Energy-Saving Vehicle Industry18

2．1．1 Policy Environment18

2．1．2 China’s Current Energy-Saving Vehicle Development

21

2．2 Overall Development of the New Energy Vehicle Industry28

2．2．1 Policy Environment28

2．2．2 Market Environment of New Energy Vehicles30

2．2．3 Supporting Environment for NEV Infrastructure32

2．2．4 Commercial Operation Modes and Environment of New Energy Vehicles35

II Fuel Consumption Part

Special Topic 3 Development Trend of the Average Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars38

3．1 The Fleet-Wide Average Fuel Compliance39

3．1．1 The Development Trend of the Fleet-Wide Average Fuel Consumption39

3．1．2 Fuel Consumption Change per Vehicle40

3．1．3 Analysis on the Gap with the Energy-Saving Objective of 202041

3．2 Fuel Consumption of Different Categories of Models42

3．2．1 Fuel Consumption Change of Different Model Types42

3．2．2 Fuel Consumption Change of Different Origins43

3．3 CAFC and Compliance Performance of Enterprises45

3．3．1 Analysis of Quantity and Production Volume of Compliant Enterprises45

3．3．2 Analysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance Performance47

3．3．3 Analysis on Compliance Performance of Top 10 Enterprises by Production/Import Volume49

3．4 The Impact of New-Energy Passenger Cars on the Calculation of Average Fuel Consumption

52

3．4．1 Fleet-Wide Average Fuel Consumption before and after the Inclusion of New-Energy Passenger Cars into Calculation52

3．4．2 CAFC of Typical Enterprises before and after the Inclusion of New-Energy Passenger Cars into the Calculation53

Special Topic 4 Fuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles 57

4．1 Classification of Commercial Vehicles 57

4．2 Fuel Consumption of Light Commercial Vehicles 59

4．2．1 Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types 59

4．2．2 Comparison between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value 64

4．3 Fuel Consumption of Heavy Commercial Vehicles 66

4．3．1 Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types 66

4．3．2 Comparison between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value 71

III Product Development Trend Part

Special Topic 5 Development Trend of Energy-Saving

Properties of Passenger Cars78

5．1 Development Trend of Energy-Saving Properties of Vehicles78

5．1．1 Curb Weight78

5．1．2 Footprint Area83

5．1．3 Driving Type87

5．1．4 Average Displacement91

5．1．5 Average Power97

5．1．6 Average Torque101

5．1．7 Power/Curb-Weight106

5．1．8 Power/Displacement111

5．2 Influence of Vehicle Properties on Fuel Consumption116

5．2．1 Correlation Analysis on the Contributory Factors of Fuel Consumption116

5．2．2 Building Regression Analysis Model118

5．2．3 Empirical Research on Domestic Passenger Cars 119

Special Topic 6 Development Trend and Characteristics of NEV121

6．1 Development Characteristics of New-Energy Passenger Cars121

6．1．1 Analysis on the Characteristics of Different Technology Types of New-Energy Passenger Cars121

6．1．2 Analysis on the Promotion Characteristics of Different Using Purposes of New-Energy Passenger Cars124

6．1．3 Analysis on the Distribution Characteristics of Various Promotion Regions of New-Energy Passenger Cars 126

6．1．4 Analysis on the Product Structure and Performance Trend of New-Energy Passenger Cars128

6．2 Development Characteristics of New-Energy Commercial Vehicles133

6．2．1 Analysis on the Characteristics of Different Technology Types of New-Energy Commercial Vehicles135

6．2．2 Analysis on the Promotion Characteristics of Different Using Purposes of New-Energy Commercial Vehicles 136

6．2．3 Analysis on the Distribution Characteristics of Various Promotion Regions of New-Energy Commercial Vehicles139

6．2．4 Analysis on the Product Structure and Performance Trend of New-Energy Commercial Vehicles139

IV Technology Application Part

Special Topic 7 Promotion and Application of Energy-Saving Technologies of Passenger Cars 146

7．1 Turbocharging Technology146

7．2 GDI Technology150

7．3 Three-Cylinder Engine153

7．3．1 Development of Three-Cylinder Engine Technology153

7．3．2 Overview of Enterprises and Models Utilizing the Three-Cylinder Engine Technology155

7．4 Miller Cycle Technology159

7．4．1 Development of Miller Cycle Technology159

7．4．2 Overview of Enterprises and Models Utilizing Miller Cycle Technology162

7．4．3 Introduction of Typical Miller Cycle Engine164

7．5 Advanced Transmission Technology166

7．5．1 Development of Advanced Transmission Technology166

7．5．2 Overview of Enterprises and Models Using 9AT， CVT and DCT169

7．6 Idling Stop-Start Technology172

7．7 Hybrid Technology175

7．7．1 Development of Hybrid Technology176

7．7．2 Overview of Enterprises and Models Using the Hybrid Technology178

Special Topic 8 Technological Supporting Trend of Key Parts and Components of NEV182

8．1 Power Battery182

8．2 Drive Motor191

8．3 Controller for Complete Vehicle193

Special Topic 9 Mono-Graphic Study on Hot Industry Technologies196

9．1 48 V Micro Hybrid System196

9．1．1 48 V Micro Hybrid Energy-Saving System196

9．1．2 Systematic Solution on Reduction of CO2 Emission in the Future198

9．1．3 Optimizing Energy Management202

9．1．4 Conclusion and Outlook204

9．2 Analysis on the Development Trend of Automotive Fuel Cell Technology204

9．2．1 Basic Principles and Characteristics of FCV205

9．2．2 Status Quo of FCV Technology207

9．2．3 Overview of Internationally Typical Fuel Cell Vehicles 210

9．2．4 Restriction Factors Curbing the Commercialization of Domestic Fuel Cell Vehicles214

9．2．5 Development Trend of Domestic Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology215

9．3 A Brief Introduction to the Technical Path of Battery Electric Vehicles by BAIC BJEV216

9．3．1 Future Technical Planning218

9．3．2 Introduction of Advanced Models226

V Energy Consumption Evaluation Part

Special Topic 10 Evaluation of Energy-Saving Compe- titiveness of Passenger Cars 230

10．1 Purpose and Significance of Energy-Saving Competitiveness Evaluation230

10．2 Building the Evaluation System of Energy-Saving Competitiveness of Passenger Cars231

10．2．1 Data Index System of Factor Analysis231

10．2．2 Introduction on the Evaluation Method of Energy-Saving Competitiveness232

10．3 Evaluation and Ranking of Energy-Saving Competitiveness235

10．3．1 Evaluation and Ranking of Energy-Saving Competiti-veness of Sedans235

10．3．2 Evaluation and Ranking of Energy-Saving Competiti-veness of SUVs237

10．3．3 Evaluation and Ranking of Energy-Saving Competiti-veness of MPVs239

Special Topic 11 Evaluation of the Gap between the Real-World Fuel Consumption and the Working-Condition-Based Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars241

11．1 Background of Fuel Consumption Gap Evaluation in China242

11．1．1 Working-Condition-Based Fuel Consumption242

11．1．2 Real-World Fuel Consumption244

11．1．3 Purpose and Significance of Fuel Consumption Gap Evaluation245

11．2 Introduction on Study Method and Data Basis 246

11．2．1 Study Method246

11．2．2 Data Source and Sample Information246

11．3 FC Gap Analysis247

11．3．1 Overall Fuel Consumption Gap247

11．3．2 Regional Fuel Consumption Gap250

11．3．3 Technical Fuel Consumption Gap251

11．3．4 Brand Fuel Consumption Gap255

11．4 Evaluation Conclusions of the Gap between the Real-World Fuel Consumption and the Working-Condition-Based Fuel Consumption259

11．4．1 Evaluation Summary of Fuel Consumption Gap259

11．4．2 Analysis of Reasons behind FC Gap260

11．4．3 Expectation of Vehicle Energy-Saving Management Policies261

VI Overseas Development Part

Special Topic 12 Study on Models with Low Fuel Consump-tion in Germany266

12．1 Classification and Registered Volume of German Passenger Cars in Q1 of 2017267

12．2 Registered Volume of Compact Models by Fuel Types in March of 2017268

12．3 Top 10 Models with Low Gasoline Consumption in Q1 of 2017 (Including HEVs)270

12．4 Compact Models with Low Fuel Consumption (Non-HEV， Non-Dual-Fuel) in Q1 of 2017270

12．5 Parameters and Configuration List of Typical Compact Models with Low Fuel Consumption in Q1 of 2017276

Special Topic 13 Study on the Laws and Regulations of the Zero Emission Vehicle in California， the U．S．278

13．1 Development Process278

13．2 ZEV Regulation 2009-2017280

13．3 Changes in ZEV Regulations Since 2018291

13．4 ZEV Management Process297

13．5 Influence of ZEV Regulation299

13．6 Future Development Trend of ZEV in California 302

Special Topic 14 Study on Development Trend of NEVs in Foreign Countries304

14．1 Analysis of the Sales Volume Trend of New Energy Passenger Cars around the World304

14．1．1 Analysis of Market Sales Volume around the World 304

14．1．2 Countries Ranking by Sales Volume306

14．1．3 Automakers Ranking by Sales Volume306

14．1．4 Model Ranking by Sales Volume307

14．2 Trace of the Policies of New Energy Vehicles in Key Countries309

14．2．1 The United States309

14．2．2 South Korea309

14．2．3 Germany309

14．2．4 France310

14．2．5 The United Kingdom310

14．2．6 Norway311

14．3 Analysis on the Development of New Energy Vehicles in Key Automakers311

14．3．1 Tesla Inc-Focus on BEVs and Actively Develop Unmanned Technology and Solar-Powered Technology311

14．3．2 Nissan Motor-Insist on BEV Route313

14．3．3 Toyota Motor-Based on Hybrid Electric Technology Promote the Development of Plug-in， Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology314

14．3．4 BMW Group-Focus on the Common Development of BMW ConnectedDrive， BEVs and PHEVs and Fuel Cell Technology315

14．3．5 General Motors-Synchronously Develop BEVs， Extended Range Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles316

Appendix

Summary of Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicle Policies in 2016318