IP路由技术原理

Introduction xv

Part 1 Internetworking Fundamentals

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Internetworking

The OSI Reference Model

The Seven Layers

Misperceptions About the OSI Reference Mode

Logical Adjacency

The Mechanics of Logical Adjacency

Receiving the Bit Stream

The Need to Route

Routers

Summary

Chapter 2 Understanding Internetwork Addresses

The Internet's Address Architecture

Advertising Network Addresses

IP Addressing

Binary Versus Decimal Numbers

IPv4 Address Formats

The Emergence of Subnetworks

Subnetting

VLSM

Classless Interdomain Routing

Classless Addressing

Enhanced Route Aggregation

Supernetting

How CIDR Works

Summary

Chapter 3 Routers and LANs

LAN Domains

The Media Access Domain

The MAC Broadcast Domain

LAN Segmentation

Segmenting with Bridges

Segmenting with Switches

Segmenting with Routers

The Differences Between Bridges, Switches, areRouters

LAN Backbones

Collapsed Backbones

Parallel Backbones

WAN Gateway

IP Network Domains

Summary

Chapter 4 Routers and WANs

A Closer Look at Routers

Physical Components

Router Functions

Roles of the Router in WANs :

Internetworking Scenarios

WAN Performance Criteria

Component Uptime

Traffic Volumes

Delay

Resource Utilization Rates

Costs of the WAN

Summary

part 2 The Inner Workings of Routers

chapter 5 Internet Protocols Versions

The Network Layer

The Transport Layer

Internet Protocol, Version 4 (IPv4)

Dissecting TCP/IP

Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)

IPv6 Unicast Address Structures

IPv6 Transitional Unicast Address Structures

IPv6 Anycast Address Structures

IPv6 Multicast Address Structures

Summary

Chapter 6 Transmission Technologies

LAN Technologies

Ethernet

Token Ring

FDDI

ATM

WAN Technologies

Leased Lines

Circuit-Switched Facilities

Packet-Switched Facilities

Cell-Switched Facilities

Carrier System Standards

ANSI's Digital Signal Hierarchy

ITU's Digital Signal Hierarchy

SONET's Carrier Systems

The T-Carrier System

Summary

The Mechanics of Routing Protocols

Chapter 7 Routing

Static Routing

Distance-Vector Routing

Link-State Routing

Hybridized Routing

Performance Characteristics of Hybridized

Routing

Convergence

Accommodating Topological Changes

Convergence Time

Route Calculation

Storing Multiple Routes

Initiating Updates

Routing Metrics

Summary

Part 3 Routing Protocols

Chapter 8 Routing Information Protocol

The Origins of RIP

Xerox's RIP

routed

RFC 1058

RFC 1058 Specifications

RIP Packet Format

The RIP Routing Table

Operational Mechanics

Calculating Distance Vectors

Updating the Routing Table

Addressing Considerations

Topology Changes

Convergence

Counting to Infinity

Limitations of RIP

Hop Count Limit

Fixed Metrics

Network Intensity of Table Updates

Slow Convergence

Lack of Load Balancing

Summary

Chapter 9 Routing Information Protocol Version 2

The Need to Update RIP

RIP-2: RFC 1723 279

RFC 1723 Specifications

RIP-2 Message Format

Using RIP-2 Messages

RIP-2's New Features

Authentication

Subnet Masks

Next Hop Identification

Multicasting

Limitations of RIP-2

Summary

Chapter 10 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

The Origins of IGRP

Needed Capabilities

Cisco's Solution

An Overview of IGRP

Metrics

Using the Metrics

IGRP's Mechanisms

Timing Mechanisms

Convergence Mechanisms

Operational Mechanics

Topological Changes

Multipath Routing

Equal-Cost Load Balancing

Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

Summary

Chapter 11 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

EIGRP Background

Backward Compatibility with IGRP

EIGRP's Improvements

New Features Found in EIGRP

Neighbor Discovery and Recovery

Reliable Transport Protocol

The Distributed Update Algorithm

Protocol-Specific Modules

EIGRP Data Structures

EIGRP Tables

EIGRP Packet Types

Convergence Using EIGRP

Summary

Chapter 12 Open Shortest Path First

The Origins of OSPF

RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2

OSPF Areas

Routing Updates

OSPF Data Structures

The Hello Packet

The Database Description Packet

The Link-State Request Packel

The Link-State Update Packet

The Link-State Acknowledgment Packet

Calculating Routes

Using Autocalculation

Using Default Route Costs

The Shortest-Path Tree

Summary

Part IV Implementation Issues

Chapter 13 Building Internetworks

A Blueprint for Success

Scale

Distances

Traffic Volumes

Performance Delays

Costs of the WAN

Topologies for Simple Internetworks

Peer-to-Peer Topology

Ring Topology

Star Network Topology

Partial Mesh Topology

Topologies for Large Internetworks

Full Mesh

Two-Tiered Topology

Three-Tiered Topology

Hybrid Topologies

Before You Build the WAN

Determining Backbone Loads

Placing Gateways

Selecting Transmission Technologies

Selecting Routing Protocols

After You Build the WAN

Component Uptime

Traffic Volumes

Resource Utilization

Summary

Chapter 14 Internetworking with Dissimilar Protocols

Dissimilar Architectures

Dissimilar Routed Protoeols

Redundant Routed Protocols

Gateways

Tunnels

Dissimilar Routing Protocols

Integrated Routing Protocols

Redundant Routing Protocols

Redistributing Routing Information

The Mechanics of Route Redistribution

Summary

Chapter 15 The Future of Routing 463

Computer-Based Routers

Today's Products

The New Uses of Computer-Based Routing

Multilayer Switches

Benefits and Uses of Multilayer Switches

Next-Generation Routing

The Effects of 1Pv6

IPSec

Isochronous Services

Summary

Index