中西文化对比（第二版）

Contents

Part I.East and West

Unit 1 .Why Contrasting Chinese and Western Cultures?.................3

I. Ancient Civilizations and Cultures ................................................................3

II. Cross-cultural Comparative Studies in China ..............................................5

III. Imperatives to Contrast Chinese and Western Cultures ..............................9

IV. A Note on Some Key Concepts .................................................................15

Unit 2 .Characteristics of Traditional Chinese and Western Cultures..............19

I. “There Are All Kinds of Birds in a Large Forest” .......................................19

II. Traditional Chinese Cultural Characteristics ............................................22

III. Traditional Western Cultural Characteristics ............................................32

Unit 3 .Affinities Across Cultures........................................................37

I. Two Unexpected Affinities ..........................................................................38

II. Reading for More Cultural Affinities .........................................................39

III. A Note on Some Key Concepts ................................................................51

Part II　Cultural Differences in Silent Language

Unit 4 .Time .........................................................................................59

I. Time in China and the West .........................................................................60

II. Two Time Modes ........................................................................................65

III. Past-oriented Societies vs. Future-oriented Societies ...............................73

IV. Two Time Orientations ..............................................................................76

Unit 5 .Space ........................................................................................80

I. What Is Space? ............................................................................................81

II. Spatial Language ........................................................................................82

III. Spatial Language and Culture ...................................................................86

IV. Spatial Language and Life ........................................................................93

Unit 6 .Smiles, Nods and Silence ........................................................97

I. Smiles in Intercultural Communication ......................................................97

II. Nods in Intercultural Communication ......................................................103

III. Silence in Intercultural Communication .................................................105

Part III　Cultural Differences in Thinking

Unit 7 .Intuitive vs. Logical Thinking..............................................115

I. Definitions of Intuitive and Logical Thinking ............................................116

II. Philosophy and Thinking ..........................................................................117

III. Application of the Two Thinking Modes ................................................121

IV. Impact of Thinking Modes on Writings ..................................................126

V. Logic in China and Intuition in the West ..................................................128

Unit 8 .Dialectical vs. Analytical Thinking......................................132

I. Proverb Preferences Across Cultures ........................................................133

II. Dialectical Thinking .................................................................................134

III. Analytical Thinking ................................................................................139

IV. More about the Two Modes ....................................................................143

Unit 9 .Holistic vs. Atomistic Visions ...............................................146

I. A Detention Room Incident .......................................................................147

II. Prominent Attributes of Holistic and Atomistic Visions ..........................147

III. Vision and Cognition ..............................................................................156

IV. Vision and Language ...............................................................................157

V. Zhengshan Xiaozhong and Lipton Black Tea ..........................................164

Unit 10 .Categorizing Objects by Relationships vs. by Attributes.....167

I. Two Ways to Categorize Objects ...............................................................168

II. Principles to Categorize Objects ..............................................................169

III. How to Categorize Objects and Why .....................................................172

IV. Impacts of Different Ways of Categorization ..........................................175

V. Causal Attribution Patterns Caused by Different Categorization Ways ......178

Unit 11 .Non-controllers vs. Controllers .........................................182

I. Too Early to Tell ........................................................................................183

II. Why So Different Stances Towards Life? ................................................184

III. “Being” and “Doing” Cultures ...............................................................190

IV. Manifestations of “Being” Culture and “Doing” Culture .......................194

Part IV　Different Cultural Orientations

Unit 12 .The Introvert-oriented vs. the Extrovert-oriented...........205

I. Personality Types .......................................................................................206

II. Personality Types of Cultures ..................................................................208

III. Effects of Personality Types on Pattern Preferences ...............................213

IV. A Contrast of Some Cultural Phenomena ...............................................219

Unit 13 .Collectivism vs. Individualism...........................................225

I. An Embarrassing Custom ..........................................................................225

II. Collectivism and Individualism as Cultural Orientations ........................227

III. Collectivism and Individualism in Cultural Anthropology ....................233

IV. Collectivist and Individualist Perspectives of “Self” ..............................236

V. Interdependence vs. Independence ...........................................................241

Unit 14 .Advocacy of Jing vs. Dong......................................................245

I. Introduction to Two Concepts ...................................................................246

II. Chinese Advocacy of Jing ........................................................................248

III. Western Advocacy of Dong ....................................................................258

IV. Differences and Discomforts ...................................................................263

Unit 15 .Implicitness vs. Explicitness ..............................................267

I. “Half a Story” ............................................................................................268

II. Implicitness vs. Explicitness of Language ...............................................270

III. Implicit Traditional Chinese ...................................................................276

IV. Explicit Westerners .................................................................................284

V. High-context vs. Low-context ..................................................................287

VI. “Chicken and Duck Talk” .......................................................................291

Part V　Different Cultural Standards

Unit 16 .Peace vs. Conflict ................................................................299

I. Great Names and Different Cultural Standards .........................................300

II. External Factors and Cultural Standards ..................................................305

III. Cultural Standards and Their Unique Products ......................................308

IV. Better Ways to Know Each Other ...........................................................313

Unit 17 .Egalitarian vs. Inegalitarian Distribution .......................316

I. Hate-the-rich Mentality .............................................................................316

II. Traditional Chinese-style Egalitarianism .................................................318

III. Western-style Inegalitarianism ................................................................321

IV. Egalitarianism and Inegalitarianism in China and the West ...................323

Unit 18 .Good vs. Evil Human Nature ............................................326

I. Definition of Two Concepts .......................................................................326

II. Human Nature and Education ..................................................................328

III. Theorization of Assumptions about Human Nature ...............................331

IV. Human Nature Theories and the Rule of Ethics vs. Law ........................337

Unit 19 .Rule of Individuals vs. Rule of Law ..................................339

I. Rule of Individuals in Traditional Chinese Thought .................................339

II. Rule of Law in Traditional Western Thought ...........................................345

III. Rule of Law in China Today ...................................................................350