(美国,北佛罗里达大学)
中文摘要
唐太宗把大禹、周公、周文王、周武王、孔子等历来享有盛名的政治人物,拉来作为自己的"政治祖宗",通过对他们的尊崇,来显示自己能够成为他们道德的和政权的继承人。唐太宗与他们的这种联系,给太宗提供了一种威严、一种非凡的领导力。但武曌作为一位女性,这些男性"政治祖先"起不到提高和张扬武曌政治地位的作用,武曌因而不能充分利用他们的威望,于是不得不从其他的历史源寻找政治正统化的依据。她所找到的"政治祖宗"是一些中国历史神话中的显贵女性,包括烈女(如孟母、敬姜)和神女(如西王母、女娲)。这些显贵女性经常出现在女皇武曌的政治宣传中。为了设计一座女性"政治祖宗"的神庙而扩大武曌的政权,武曌还需要提高一些古代女性人物的历史地位。
在中国历史上,涂山女启母并不是一位事迹突出、大名鼎鼎的人物。可是在唐高宗逝世前的三四年间(680-683),以及此后武曌以皇太后身份临朝称制(684-690)和以女皇帝身份统治中国的时期(690-705),启母经常出现在武曌的政治宣传中。这一时期,通过文坛精英陈子昂、崔融、李峤等人的美化,启母变成中国神话中一位伟大古母,她对于宣扬武曌政权存在的合理性,起了相当大的政治作用。
启母成为理想的母亲、力气浩大的女神,成为武曌赞美嵩山的活动中的重要角色。如崔融撰写的《嵩山启母庙碑铭》、李峤撰写的《攀龙台碑铭》,都有意识地提高女皇武曌的政治地位,把她与古史传说中的女神联系在一起,强调这些母祖先(三皇五帝之母,而不是三皇五帝)所扮演的角色。
Story of a Stone: Wu Zhao and the Mother of Qi
N. Harry Rothschild, University of North Florida
Wu Zetian Research Association Conference Luoyang, China-July 2007
In his excellent work Offerings of Jade and Silk, Howard Wechsler argued persuasively that during the expansive early Tang a new, public-spirited ruling philosophy developed, an idea succinctly expressed in the concept "the empire is open to all," tianxia wei gong. Through public accession rites, sacrifices and tours of inspection, the celebrated Tang emperor Taizong (r. 626-649) re-shaped the conceptions of rulership and political legitimation. This marked a new era in which political validation depended more upon the ruler's link to a grand tradition of virtuous political ancestors than upon his position as blood successor in an eminent clan.[1]([1] Howard Wechsler, Offerings of Jade and Silk: Ritual and Symbol in the Legitimization of the T'ang, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), ix-x, 95-104)To this end, male emperors like Taizong solemnly honored widely acknowledged paragons like Yu the Great, King Wen, King Wu, the Duke of Zhou, and even Confucius. Affiliation with these sovereigns and sages, in turn, conferred upon Taizong tremendous normative authority. By ceremoniously revering these exemplars, he became heir to their mantle of
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